Ignite Creation Date:
2025-12-24 @ 11:38 PM
Ignite Modification Date:
2025-12-25 @ 9:28 PM
Study NCT ID:
NCT03445156
Status:
COMPLETED
Last Update Posted:
2019-08-05
First Post:
2018-02-20
Is NOT Gene Therapy:
False
Has Adverse Events:
True
Brief Title:
Effect of Violent First-Person Shooter (FPS) Video Games on Shooting Accuracy
Sponsor:
Organization:
Raw JSON
{'hasResults': True, 'derivedSection': {'miscInfoModule': {'versionHolder': '2025-12-24'}, 'conditionBrowseModule': {'meshes': [{'id': 'D014948', 'term': 'Wounds, Gunshot'}], 'ancestors': [{'id': 'D014950', 'term': 'Wounds, Penetrating'}, {'id': 'D014947', 'term': 'Wounds and Injuries'}]}, 'interventionBrowseModule': {'meshes': [{'id': 'C072262', 'term': 'CDK13 protein, human'}]}}, 'resultsSection': {'moreInfoModule': {'pointOfContact': {'email': 'bushman.20@osu.edu', 'phone': '614-688-8779', 'title': 'Dr. Brad Bushman', 'organization': 'The Ohio State University'}, 'certainAgreement': {'piSponsorEmployee': True}}, 'adverseEventsModule': {'eventGroups': [{'id': 'EG000', 'title': 'Pilot Study: Violent Shooter', 'description': '20 participants assigned to play a violent shooter game', 'otherNumAtRisk': 20, 'deathsNumAtRisk': 20, 'otherNumAffected': 0, 'seriousNumAtRisk': 20, 'deathsNumAffected': 0, 'seriousNumAffected': 0}, {'id': 'EG001', 'title': 'Pilot Study: Non-violent Shooter', 'description': '20 participants assigned to play a non-violent shooter game', 'otherNumAtRisk': 20, 'deathsNumAtRisk': 20, 'otherNumAffected': 0, 'seriousNumAtRisk': 20, 'deathsNumAffected': 0, 'seriousNumAffected': 0}, {'id': 'EG002', 'title': 'Study Proper: Violent Shooter', 'description': '113 participants assigned to play a violent shooter game', 'otherNumAtRisk': 113, 'deathsNumAtRisk': 113, 'otherNumAffected': 0, 'seriousNumAtRisk': 113, 'deathsNumAffected': 0, 'seriousNumAffected': 0}, {'id': 'EG003', 'title': 'Study Proper: Non-violent Shooter', 'description': '115 participants assigned to play a non-violent shooter game', 'otherNumAtRisk': 115, 'deathsNumAtRisk': 115, 'otherNumAffected': 0, 'seriousNumAtRisk': 115, 'deathsNumAffected': 0, 'seriousNumAffected': 0}, {'id': 'EG004', 'title': 'Study Proper: Non-violent Game', 'description': '59 participants assigned to play a non-violent game', 'otherNumAtRisk': 59, 'deathsNumAtRisk': 59, 'otherNumAffected': 0, 'seriousNumAtRisk': 59, 'deathsNumAffected': 0, 'seriousNumAffected': 0}], 'frequencyThreshold': '0'}, 'outcomeMeasuresModule': {'outcomeMeasures': [{'type': 'PRIMARY', 'title': 'Hits to Head and Face', 'denoms': [{'units': 'Participants', 'counts': [{'value': '20', 'groupId': 'OG000'}, {'value': '20', 'groupId': 'OG001'}, {'value': '113', 'groupId': 'OG002'}, {'value': '115', 'groupId': 'OG003'}, {'value': '59', 'groupId': 'OG004'}]}], 'groups': [{'id': 'OG000', 'title': 'Pilot Study: Violent Shooter Game', 'description': 'Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles, a violent shooter game which rewards players for shooting realistic human targets. Headshots are rewarded.'}, {'id': 'OG001', 'title': 'Pilot Study: Non-violent Shooter Game', 'description': "Wii Play, a non-violent shooter which punishes players for hitting bull's-eye targets with faces on them and rewards players for shooting other targets (e.g., balloons, clay discs, bull's-eye targets without faces)."}, {'id': 'OG002', 'title': 'Experiment Proper: Violent Shooter Game', 'description': 'Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles, a violent shooter game which rewards players for shooting realistic human targets. Headshots are rewarded.'}, {'id': 'OG003', 'title': 'Experiment Proper: Non-violent Shooter Game', 'description': "Wii Play, a non-violent shooter which punishes players for hitting bull's-eye targets with faces on them and rewards players for shooting other targets (e.g., balloons, clay discs, bull's-eye targets without faces)."}, {'id': 'OG004', 'title': 'Experiment Proper: Non-violent Game', 'description': 'Super Mario Galaxy, a non-violent game which rewards players for collecting stars and completing challenging levels in a creative, animated world. Does not involve shooting a weapon.'}], 'classes': [{'categories': [{'measurements': [{'value': '132.7', 'spread': '2.68', 'groupId': 'OG000'}, {'value': '3.88', 'spread': '37.86', 'groupId': 'OG001'}, {'value': '5.33', 'spread': '4.07', 'groupId': 'OG002'}, {'value': '4.41', 'spread': '3.77', 'groupId': 'OG003'}, {'value': '3.86', 'spread': '3.26', 'groupId': 'OG004'}]}]}], 'analyses': [{'pValue': '0.04', 'groupIds': ['OG001'], 'statisticalMethod': 'ANCOVA', 'nonInferiorityType': 'OTHER', 'statisticalComment': 'F(2, 273) = 3.16, p = .044, partial c\\^2 = .023', 'nonInferiorityComment': 'ANCOVA'}, {'pValue': '.0001', 'groupIds': ['OG000'], 'statisticalMethod': 'ANCOVA', 'nonInferiorityType': 'OTHER', 'statisticalComment': 'F(1, 36) = 44.42', 'nonInferiorityComment': 'ANCOVA'}], 'paramType': 'MEAN', 'timeFrame': 'Up to one hour', 'description': 'In the Pilot Study, we counted hits to the head and face for targets within the game. In the Experiment Proper, we counted hits to the head and face of the mannequin.', 'unitOfMeasure': 'headshots', 'dispersionType': 'Standard Error', 'reportingStatus': 'POSTED'}, {'type': 'PRIMARY', 'title': 'Other Hits', 'denoms': [{'units': 'Participants', 'counts': [{'value': '20', 'groupId': 'OG000'}, {'value': '20', 'groupId': 'OG001'}, {'value': '113', 'groupId': 'OG002'}, {'value': '115', 'groupId': 'OG003'}, {'value': '59', 'groupId': 'OG004'}]}], 'groups': [{'id': 'OG000', 'title': 'Pilot Study: Violent Shooter Game', 'description': 'Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles, a violent shooter game which rewards players for shooting realistic human targets. Headshots are rewarded.'}, {'id': 'OG001', 'title': 'Pilot Study: Non-violent Shooter Game', 'description': "Wii Play, a non-violent shooter which punishes players for hitting bull's-eye targets with faces on them and rewards players for shooting other targets (e.g., balloons, clay discs, bull's-eye targets without faces)."}, {'id': 'OG002', 'title': 'Experiment Proper: Violent Shooter Game', 'description': 'Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles, a violent shooter game which rewards players for shooting realistic human targets. Headshots are rewarded.'}, {'id': 'OG003', 'title': 'Experiment Proper: Non-violent Shooter Game', 'description': "Wii Play, a non-violent shooter which punishes players for hitting bull's-eye targets with faces on them and rewards players for shooting other targets (e.g., balloons, clay discs, bull's-eye targets without faces)."}, {'id': 'OG004', 'title': 'Experiment Proper: Non-violent Game', 'description': 'Super Mario Galaxy, a non-violent game which rewards players for collecting stars and completing challenging levels in a creative, animated world. Does not involve shooting a weapon.'}], 'classes': [{'categories': [{'measurements': [{'value': '1509.25', 'spread': '432.41', 'groupId': 'OG000'}, {'value': '586.10', 'spread': '145.83', 'groupId': 'OG001'}, {'value': '6.74', 'spread': '4.47', 'groupId': 'OG002'}, {'value': '7.70', 'spread': '4.39', 'groupId': 'OG003'}, {'value': '8.03', 'spread': '5.56', 'groupId': 'OG004'}]}]}], 'analyses': [{'pValue': '<.001', 'groupIds': ['OG000', 'OG001'], 'groupDescription': 'Hypothesis: Participants who played a violent FPS game were expected to have more hits to targets with heads or faces than were participants who played a nonviolent shooting game.', 'statisticalMethod': 'ANCOVA', 'nonInferiorityType': 'OTHER', 'statisticalComment': 'F(1, 36) = 44.42', 'nonInferiorityComment': 'ANCOVA'}, {'pValue': '.044', 'groupIds': ['OG002', 'OG003', 'OG004'], 'groupDescription': "Hypothesis: Participants who played a violent FPS game were expected to hit the mannequin's head more often than were participants who played either the nonviolent shooting game or the nonviolent non-shooting game Covariates: participant gender, number of guns owned over their lifetime, attitudes toward guns, and number of times they had fired a gun.", 'statisticalMethod': 'ANCOVA', 'nonInferiorityType': 'OTHER', 'statisticalComment': 'F(2, 273) = 3.16', 'nonInferiorityComment': 'ANCOVA'}, {'pValue': '0.17', 'groupIds': ['OG002', 'OG003', 'OG004'], 'groupDescription': "Hypothesis: Because the nonviolent shooting game rewards other shots, participants who played a nonviolent shooting game were expected to hit the mannequin's torso more often than were participants who played the nonviolent non-shooting game.\n\nCovariates: participant gender, number of guns owned over their lifetime, attitudes toward guns, and number of times they had fired a gun.", 'statisticalMethod': 't-test, 2 sided', 'nonInferiorityType': 'OTHER', 'statisticalComment': 't(274) = 2.40', 'nonInferiorityComment': 'ANCOVA'}, {'pValue': '.449', 'groupIds': ['OG002', 'OG003', 'OG004'], 'groupDescription': "Hypothesis: participants who played a nonviolent shooting game were expected to hit the mannequin's head less often than were participants who played the nonviolent non-shooting game Covariates: participant gender, number of guns owned over their lifetime, attitudes toward guns, and number of times they had fired a gun.", 'statisticalMethod': 't-test, 2 sided', 'nonInferiorityType': 'OTHER', 'statisticalComment': 't(274) = -0.76', 'nonInferiorityComment': 'ANCOVA'}, {'pValue': '.645', 'groupIds': ['OG002', 'OG003', 'OG004'], 'groupDescription': "Hypothesis: participants who played a nonviolent shooting game were expected to hit the mannequin's torso more often than were participants who played the nonviolent non-shooting game.\n\nCovariates: participant gender, number of guns owned over their lifetime, attitudes toward guns, and number of times they had fired a gun.", 'statisticalMethod': 't-test, 2 sided', 'nonInferiorityType': 'OTHER', 'statisticalComment': 't(273) = -0.46', 'nonInferiorityComment': 'ANCOVA'}, {'pValue': '.032', 'groupIds': ['OG002', 'OG003', 'OG004'], 'groupDescription': "Hypothesis: A positive correlation was expected between the number of violent shooting games participants listed among their three favorite video games and hits to the mannequin's head.", 'statisticalMethod': 'Zero-order correlation', 'nonInferiorityType': 'OTHER', 'nonInferiorityComment': 'Zero-order correlation'}], 'paramType': 'MEAN', 'timeFrame': 'Up to one hour', 'description': 'In the Pilot Study, we counted other hits to targets (i.e. not to a face) within the game. In the Experiment Proper, we counted other hits to the mannequin (i.e., torso instead of the head).', 'unitOfMeasure': 'shots not at head or face', 'dispersionType': 'Standard Deviation', 'reportingStatus': 'POSTED'}]}, 'participantFlowModule': {'groups': [{'id': 'FG000', 'title': 'Violent Shooter Game', 'description': 'Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles, a violent shooter game which rewards players for shooting realistic human targets. Headshots are rewarded.'}, {'id': 'FG001', 'title': 'Non-violent Shooter Game', 'description': "Wii Play, a non-violent shooter which punishes players for hitting bull's-eye targets with faces on them and rewards players for shooting other targets (e.g., balloons, clay discs, bull's-eye targets without faces)."}, {'id': 'FG002', 'title': 'Non-violent Game', 'description': 'Super Mario Galaxy, a non-violent game which rewards players for collecting stars and completing challenging levels in a creative, animated world. Does not involve shooting a weapon.'}], 'periods': [{'title': 'Pilot Study', 'milestones': [{'type': 'STARTED', 'achievements': [{'groupId': 'FG000', 'numSubjects': '20'}, {'groupId': 'FG001', 'numSubjects': '20'}, {'groupId': 'FG002', 'numSubjects': '0'}]}, {'type': 'COMPLETED', 'achievements': [{'groupId': 'FG000', 'numSubjects': '20'}, {'groupId': 'FG001', 'numSubjects': '20'}, {'groupId': 'FG002', 'numSubjects': '0'}]}, {'type': 'NOT COMPLETED', 'achievements': [{'groupId': 'FG000', 'numSubjects': '0'}, {'groupId': 'FG001', 'numSubjects': '0'}, {'groupId': 'FG002', 'numSubjects': '0'}]}]}, {'title': 'Experiment Proper', 'milestones': [{'type': 'STARTED', 'achievements': [{'groupId': 'FG000', 'numSubjects': '113'}, {'groupId': 'FG001', 'numSubjects': '115'}, {'groupId': 'FG002', 'numSubjects': '59'}]}, {'type': 'COMPLETED', 'achievements': [{'groupId': 'FG000', 'numSubjects': '113'}, {'groupId': 'FG001', 'numSubjects': '115'}, {'groupId': 'FG002', 'numSubjects': '59'}]}, {'type': 'NOT COMPLETED', 'achievements': [{'groupId': 'FG000', 'numSubjects': '0'}, {'groupId': 'FG001', 'numSubjects': '0'}, {'groupId': 'FG002', 'numSubjects': '0'}]}]}], 'recruitmentDetails': 'Participants were college students who completed the study as part of a course requirement.', 'preAssignmentDetails': 'After giving their consent, participants completed a survey. Next, they were randomly assigned to play either a violent First-Person-Shooter video game or a nonviolent shooting video game for 20 minutes. Video game play was recorded. A debriefing followed.'}, 'baselineCharacteristicsModule': {'denoms': [{'units': 'Participants', 'counts': [{'value': '20', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '20', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '113', 'groupId': 'BG002'}, {'value': '115', 'groupId': 'BG003'}, {'value': '59', 'groupId': 'BG004'}, {'value': '327', 'groupId': 'BG005'}]}], 'groups': [{'id': 'BG000', 'title': 'Pilot Study: Violent Shooter', 'description': 'Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles, a violent shooter game which rewards players for shooting realistic human targets. Headshots are rewarded.'}, {'id': 'BG001', 'title': 'Pilot Study: Non-violent Shooter', 'description': "Wii Play, a non-violent shooter which punishes players for hitting bull's-eye targets with faces on them and rewards players for shooting other targets (e.g., balloons, clay discs, bull's-eye targets without faces)."}, {'id': 'BG002', 'title': 'Study Proper: Violent Shooter', 'description': 'Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles, a violent shooter game which rewards players for shooting realistic human targets. Headshots are rewarded.'}, {'id': 'BG003', 'title': 'Study Proper: Non-violent Shooter', 'description': "Wii Play, a non-violent shooter which punishes players for hitting bull's-eye targets with faces on them and rewards players for shooting other targets (e.g., balloons, clay discs, bull's-eye targets without faces)."}, {'id': 'BG004', 'title': 'Study Proper: Non-violent Game', 'description': 'Super Mario Galaxy, a non-violent game which rewards players for collecting stars and completing challenging levels in a creative, animated world. Does not involve shooting a weapon.'}, {'id': 'BG005', 'title': 'Total', 'description': 'Total of all reporting groups'}], 'measures': [{'title': 'Age, Categorical', 'classes': [{'denoms': [{'units': 'Participants', 'counts': [{'value': '20', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '20', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '113', 'groupId': 'BG002'}, {'value': '115', 'groupId': 'BG003'}, {'value': '59', 'groupId': 'BG004'}, {'value': '327', 'groupId': 'BG005'}]}], 'categories': [{'title': '<=18 years', 'measurements': [{'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG002'}, {'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG003'}, {'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG004'}, {'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG005'}]}, {'title': 'Between 18 and 65 years', 'measurements': [{'value': '20', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '20', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '113', 'groupId': 'BG002'}, {'value': '115', 'groupId': 'BG003'}, {'value': '59', 'groupId': 'BG004'}, {'value': '327', 'groupId': 'BG005'}]}, {'title': '>=65 years', 'measurements': [{'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG002'}, {'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG003'}, {'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG004'}, {'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG005'}]}]}], 'paramType': 'COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS', 'unitOfMeasure': 'Participants'}, {'title': 'Age, Continuous', 'classes': [{'denoms': [{'units': 'Participants', 'counts': [{'value': '20', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '20', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '113', 'groupId': 'BG002'}, {'value': '115', 'groupId': 'BG003'}, {'value': '59', 'groupId': 'BG004'}, {'value': '327', 'groupId': 'BG005'}]}], 'categories': [{'measurements': [{'value': '19.5', 'spread': '1.32', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '19.1', 'spread': '1.07', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '21.39', 'spread': '4.27', 'groupId': 'BG002'}, {'value': '20.70', 'spread': '2.34', 'groupId': 'BG003'}, {'value': '20.24', 'spread': '1.81', 'groupId': 'BG004'}, {'value': '20.68', 'spread': '3.06', 'groupId': 'BG005'}]}]}], 'paramType': 'MEAN', 'unitOfMeasure': 'years', 'dispersionType': 'STANDARD_DEVIATION'}, {'title': 'Sex: Female, Male', 'classes': [{'denoms': [{'units': 'Participants', 'counts': [{'value': '20', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '20', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '113', 'groupId': 'BG002'}, {'value': '115', 'groupId': 'BG003'}, {'value': '58', 'groupId': 'BG004'}, {'value': '326', 'groupId': 'BG005'}]}], 'categories': [{'title': 'Female', 'measurements': [{'value': '10', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '10', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '59', 'groupId': 'BG002'}, {'value': '61', 'groupId': 'BG003'}, {'value': '32', 'groupId': 'BG004'}, {'value': '172', 'groupId': 'BG005'}]}, {'title': 'Male', 'measurements': [{'value': '10', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '10', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '54', 'groupId': 'BG002'}, {'value': '54', 'groupId': 'BG003'}, {'value': '26', 'groupId': 'BG004'}, {'value': '154', 'groupId': 'BG005'}]}]}], 'paramType': 'COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS', 'description': 'Note: one participant in the study proper did not provide information on their gender. As such, the total is one fewer than the full 327.', 'unitOfMeasure': 'Participants', 'populationDescription': 'One participant did not give information on their gender.'}, {'title': 'Region of Enrollment', 'classes': [{'title': 'United States', 'denoms': [{'units': 'Participants', 'counts': [{'value': '20', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '20', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '113', 'groupId': 'BG002'}, {'value': '115', 'groupId': 'BG003'}, {'value': '59', 'groupId': 'BG004'}, {'value': '327', 'groupId': 'BG005'}]}], 'categories': [{'measurements': [{'value': '20', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '20', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '113', 'groupId': 'BG002'}, {'value': '115', 'groupId': 'BG003'}, {'value': '59', 'groupId': 'BG004'}, {'value': '327', 'groupId': 'BG005'}]}]}], 'paramType': 'NUMBER', 'unitOfMeasure': 'participants'}, {'title': 'Gun Attitudes Scale', 'classes': [{'denoms': [{'units': 'Participants', 'counts': [{'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '113', 'groupId': 'BG002'}, {'value': '115', 'groupId': 'BG003'}, {'value': '59', 'groupId': 'BG004'}, {'value': '287', 'groupId': 'BG005'}]}], 'categories': [{'measurements': [{'value': '3.00', 'spread': '0.70', 'groupId': 'BG002'}, {'value': '2.96', 'spread': '0.63', 'groupId': 'BG003'}, {'value': '2.97', 'spread': '0.80', 'groupId': 'BG004'}, {'value': '2.98', 'spread': '0.69', 'groupId': 'BG005'}]}]}], 'paramType': 'MEAN', 'description': '17-item, 5-point Likert scale. Range: 1-5, with higher numbers representing more positive attitudes toward guns.', 'unitOfMeasure': 'units on a scale', 'dispersionType': 'STANDARD_DEVIATION', 'populationDescription': 'Note: information on attitudes toward guns was not collected in the pilot study'}, {'title': 'Number of guns owned', 'classes': [{'denoms': [{'units': 'Participants', 'counts': [{'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '113', 'groupId': 'BG002'}, {'value': '115', 'groupId': 'BG003'}, {'value': '59', 'groupId': 'BG004'}, {'value': '287', 'groupId': 'BG005'}]}], 'categories': [{'measurements': [{'value': '0.24', 'spread': '0.88', 'groupId': 'BG002'}, {'value': '0.23', 'spread': '0.69', 'groupId': 'BG003'}, {'value': '0.25', 'spread': '1.21', 'groupId': 'BG004'}, {'value': '0.24', 'spread': '0.89', 'groupId': 'BG005'}]}]}], 'paramType': 'MEAN', 'description': 'Participants were asked how many guns (i.e. personal firearms including handguns and long guns) they had owned over the course of their lifetime.', 'unitOfMeasure': 'Number of guns owned', 'dispersionType': 'STANDARD_DEVIATION', 'populationDescription': 'Note: information gun ownership was not collected in the pilot study'}, {'title': 'Number of times shot gun', 'classes': [{'denoms': [{'units': 'Participants', 'counts': [{'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '113', 'groupId': 'BG002'}, {'value': '115', 'groupId': 'BG003'}, {'value': '59', 'groupId': 'BG004'}, {'value': '287', 'groupId': 'BG005'}]}], 'categories': [{'measurements': [{'value': '7.20', 'spread': '27.55', 'groupId': 'BG002'}, {'value': '6.15', 'spread': '20.88', 'groupId': 'BG003'}, {'value': '14.17', 'spread': '73.65', 'groupId': 'BG004'}, {'value': '8.23', 'spread': '39.88', 'groupId': 'BG005'}]}]}], 'paramType': 'MEAN', 'description': 'Self-report of the number of times each participant had shot a gun (i.e. personal firearm) before. Range: 0 - 550.', 'unitOfMeasure': 'number of times shot gun', 'dispersionType': 'STANDARD_DEVIATION', 'populationDescription': 'Information on number of times the participant had shot a gun was not collected in the pilot study.'}, {'title': 'Number of violent video games among 3 favorites', 'classes': [{'denoms': [{'units': 'Participants', 'counts': [{'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '113', 'groupId': 'BG002'}, {'value': '115', 'groupId': 'BG003'}, {'value': '59', 'groupId': 'BG004'}, {'value': '287', 'groupId': 'BG005'}]}], 'categories': [{'measurements': [{'value': '0.72', 'spread': '0.91', 'groupId': 'BG002'}, {'value': '0.83', 'spread': '0.92', 'groupId': 'BG003'}, {'value': '0.78', 'spread': '0.91', 'groupId': 'BG004'}, {'value': '0.78', 'spread': '0.91', 'groupId': 'BG005'}]}]}], 'paramType': 'MEAN', 'description': 'Participants were asked to list their three favorite video games. Games rated "T" or "M" by the ESRB were considered violent.', 'unitOfMeasure': 'Number of games', 'dispersionType': 'STANDARD_DEVIATION', 'populationDescription': 'Information on favorite games was not collected for the pilot study.'}], 'populationDescription': 'Undergraduate college students.'}}, 'protocolSection': {'designModule': {'phases': ['NA'], 'studyType': 'INTERVENTIONAL', 'designInfo': {'allocation': 'RANDOMIZED', 'maskingInfo': {'masking': 'NONE'}, 'primaryPurpose': 'BASIC_SCIENCE', 'interventionModel': 'PARALLEL', 'interventionModelDescription': '2 (controller type) x 3 (video game type) factorial design. Participants used either a regular or gun shaped controller while playing a non-shooting, non-humanoid shooting, or humanoid shooting game.'}, 'enrollmentInfo': {'type': 'ACTUAL', 'count': 327}}, 'statusModule': {'overallStatus': 'COMPLETED', 'startDateStruct': {'date': '2016-02-01', 'type': 'ACTUAL'}, 'expandedAccessInfo': {'hasExpandedAccess': False}, 'statusVerifiedDate': '2019-06', 'completionDateStruct': {'date': '2016-04-25', 'type': 'ACTUAL'}, 'lastUpdateSubmitDate': '2019-06-25', 'studyFirstSubmitDate': '2018-02-20', 'resultsFirstSubmitDate': '2018-08-11', 'studyFirstSubmitQcDate': '2018-02-20', 'lastUpdatePostDateStruct': {'date': '2019-08-05', 'type': 'ACTUAL'}, 'resultsFirstSubmitQcDate': '2019-06-25', 'studyFirstPostDateStruct': {'date': '2018-02-26', 'type': 'ACTUAL'}, 'resultsFirstPostDateStruct': {'date': '2019-08-05', 'type': 'ACTUAL'}, 'primaryCompletionDateStruct': {'date': '2016-04-25', 'type': 'ACTUAL'}}, 'outcomesModule': {'primaryOutcomes': [{'measure': 'Hits to Head and Face', 'timeFrame': 'Up to one hour', 'description': 'In the Pilot Study, we counted hits to the head and face for targets within the game. In the Experiment Proper, we counted hits to the head and face of the mannequin.'}, {'measure': 'Other Hits', 'timeFrame': 'Up to one hour', 'description': 'In the Pilot Study, we counted other hits to targets (i.e. not to a face) within the game. In the Experiment Proper, we counted other hits to the mannequin (i.e., torso instead of the head).'}]}, 'oversightModule': {'oversightHasDmc': False, 'isFdaRegulatedDrug': False, 'isFdaRegulatedDevice': False}, 'conditionsModule': {'keywords': ['First-person shooter (FPS)', 'Violent video game', 'Headshot', 'Gun', 'Operant conditioning theory'], 'conditions': ['Gun Shot Wound']}, 'referencesModule': {'references': [{'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Whitaker, J. L., & Bushman, B. J. (2014). "Boom, Headshot!": Effect of violent video game play and controller type on firing aim and accuracy. Communication Research, 41(7), 879-891. doi:10.1177/0093650212446622'}]}, 'descriptionModule': {'briefSummary': 'The present research tests the effects of violent shooting games on behavior within the game (Pilot Study) and on behavior after the game is turned off (Experiment Proper). The Experiment Proper is an exact replication of a previous study conducted in our lab that was retracted (see citation), but with a larger sample to get more reliable results (N=287 rather than N=151).', 'detailedDescription': "Violent shooting games are used to train soldiers and police officers. This research tests whether violent shooting can train people to shoot targets in the head, both during gameplay (Pilot Study) and after the game is turned off (Experiment Proper). Participants in both studies played a violent shooting game with humanoid targets that rewarded headshots, or a nonviolent shooting game that punished shots to bull's-eye targets with faces. Afterward, participants shot at a mannequin with a realistic CO2 gun. We anticipate that participants who play the violent game which rewards headshots to hit the mannequin's head more often than those who play the non-violent game."}, 'eligibilityModule': {'sex': 'ALL', 'stdAges': ['ADULT'], 'maximumAge': '46 Years', 'minimumAge': '18 Years', 'healthyVolunteers': False, 'eligibilityCriteria': 'Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* 18 and older\n* Ohio State participant pool\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Under age 18'}, 'identificationModule': {'nctId': 'NCT03445156', 'briefTitle': 'Effect of Violent First-Person Shooter (FPS) Video Games on Shooting Accuracy', 'organization': {'class': 'OTHER', 'fullName': 'Ohio State University'}, 'officialTitle': '"Boom, Headshot!": Violent First-Person Shooter (FPS) Video Games That Reward Headshots Train Individuals to Aim for the Head When Shooting a Realistic Firearm', 'orgStudyIdInfo': {'id': '2010B0261'}}, 'armsInterventionsModule': {'armGroups': [{'type': 'EXPERIMENTAL', 'label': 'Pilot Study', 'description': 'After giving their consent, participants completed a survey. Next, they were randomly assigned to play either a violent First-Person-Shooter video game or a nonviolent shooting video game for 20 minutes. Video game play was recorded. A debriefing followed.', 'interventionNames': ['Behavioral: Video game', 'Behavioral: Controller']}, {'type': 'EXPERIMENTAL', 'label': 'Experiment Proper', 'description': 'After giving their consent, participants completed a survey. Next, they were randomly assigned to play either a violent First-Person-Shooter video game, a nonviolent shooting video game, or a nonviolent non-shooting video game for 20 minutes. Next, they shot a training pistol at a mannequin 20 feet (6.1 meters) away using 16 Velcro "bullets." A debriefing followed.', 'interventionNames': ['Behavioral: Video game', 'Behavioral: Controller']}], 'interventions': [{'name': 'Video game', 'type': 'BEHAVIORAL', 'description': 'Participants played either a violent shooting game or nonviolent shooting game in the pilot study, and either either a violent shooting game, nonviolent shooting game, or nonviolent non-shooting game in the experiment proper.', 'armGroupLabels': ['Experiment Proper', 'Pilot Study']}, {'name': 'Controller', 'type': 'BEHAVIORAL', 'description': 'Participants used either a gun-shaped or regular controller to play the violent and nonviolent shooting video games.', 'armGroupLabels': ['Experiment Proper', 'Pilot Study']}]}, 'ipdSharingStatementModule': {'timeFrame': 'Following acceptance of manuscript.', 'ipdSharing': 'YES', 'description': 'After the manuscript is accepted, data will be uploaded to Figshare.com', 'accessCriteria': 'Open to public domain.'}, 'sponsorCollaboratorsModule': {'leadSponsor': {'name': 'Ohio State University', 'class': 'OTHER'}, 'responsibleParty': {'type': 'PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR', 'investigatorTitle': 'Professor', 'investigatorFullName': 'Brad Bushman', 'investigatorAffiliation': 'Ohio State University'}}}}