Ignite Creation Date:
2025-12-26 @ 11:47 AM
Ignite Modification Date:
2025-12-26 @ 11:47 AM
Study NCT ID:
NCT00792116
Status:
COMPLETED
Last Update Posted:
2008-11-20
First Post:
2008-10-24
Is NOT Gene Therapy:
False
Has Adverse Events:
False
Brief Title:
The Effects of Gum Chewing on Math Scores in Adolescents
Sponsor:
Organization:
Raw JSON
{'hasResults': True, 'derivedSection': {'miscInfoModule': {'versionHolder': '2025-12-24'}, 'interventionBrowseModule': {'meshes': [{'id': 'D002638', 'term': 'Chewing Gum'}], 'ancestors': [{'id': 'D053149', 'term': 'Plant Gums'}, {'id': 'D001704', 'term': 'Biopolymers'}, {'id': 'D011108', 'term': 'Polymers'}, {'id': 'D046911', 'term': 'Macromolecular Substances'}, {'id': 'D011134', 'term': 'Polysaccharides'}, {'id': 'D002241', 'term': 'Carbohydrates'}, {'id': 'D053147', 'term': 'Plant Exudates'}, {'id': 'D001688', 'term': 'Biological Products'}, {'id': 'D045424', 'term': 'Complex Mixtures'}, {'id': 'D002182', 'term': 'Candy'}, {'id': 'D005502', 'term': 'Food'}, {'id': 'D000066888', 'term': 'Diet, Food, and Nutrition'}, {'id': 'D010829', 'term': 'Physiological Phenomena'}, {'id': 'D019602', 'term': 'Food and Beverages'}]}}, 'resultsSection': {'moreInfoModule': {'pointOfContact': {'email': 'caj@bcm.edu', 'phone': '713-798-2068', 'title': 'Craig Johnston', 'organization': 'Baylor'}, 'certainAgreement': {'piSponsorEmployee': True}}, 'outcomeMeasuresModule': {'outcomeMeasures': [{'type': 'PRIMARY', 'title': 'Math Scores on the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS)', 'denoms': [{'units': 'Participants', 'counts': [{'value': '52', 'groupId': 'OG000'}, {'value': '54', 'groupId': 'OG001'}]}], 'groups': [{'id': 'OG000', 'title': 'Gum Chewing'}, {'id': 'OG001', 'title': 'Non-Gum Chewing'}], 'classes': [{'categories': [{'measurements': [{'value': '65.1', 'spread': '14.0', 'groupId': 'OG000'}, {'value': '70.0', 'spread': '14.16', 'groupId': 'OG001'}]}]}], 'paramType': 'MEAN', 'timeFrame': 'the beginning of a school semester', 'description': 'The TAKS test is a statewide standardized test administered to all Texas schoolchildren (15). The TAKS assesses reading, math, science, and social studies for 8th grade students; however, the current study analyzed only math scores.', 'unitOfMeasure': 'percentile', 'dispersionType': 'Standard Deviation', 'reportingStatus': 'POSTED', 'populationDescription': '106 participants were analyzed. One particiapant relocated to another school and one participant was removed by the teacher for discipline reasons.'}, {'type': 'PRIMARY', 'title': 'Math Grades', 'denoms': [{'units': 'Participants', 'counts': [{'value': '52', 'groupId': 'OG000'}, {'value': '54', 'groupId': 'OG001'}]}], 'groups': [{'id': 'OG000', 'title': 'Gum Chewing'}, {'id': 'OG001', 'title': 'Non-Gum Chewing'}], 'classes': [{'categories': [{'measurements': [{'value': '77.7', 'spread': '8.4', 'groupId': 'OG000'}, {'value': '80.8', 'spread': '7.63', 'groupId': 'OG001'}]}]}], 'paramType': 'MEAN', 'timeFrame': 'baseline (the beginning of a school semester )', 'unitOfMeasure': 'average percentage correct', 'dispersionType': 'Standard Deviation', 'reportingStatus': 'POSTED', 'populationDescription': '106 participants were analyzed. One particiapant relocated to another school and one participant was removed by the teacher for discipline reasons.'}, {'type': 'SECONDARY', 'title': 'Math Scores on the Woodcock Johnson III Tests of Achievement (WJ-III)', 'paramType': 'NUMBER', 'timeFrame': 'the beginning of a school semester and 14 weeks later (the end of a school semester)', 'description': "The WJ-III (10) is a standardized test battery used to assess an individual's academic strengths and weaknesses. For purposes of the current study, students were given the 4 math subtests of the WJ-III.", 'dispersionType': 'Standard Deviation', 'reportingStatus': 'NOT_POSTED'}, {'type': 'SECONDARY', 'title': 'Scores on the Math Anxiety Rating Scale for Adolescents (MARS-A)', 'paramType': 'MEAN', 'timeFrame': 'the beginning of a school semester and 14 weeks later (the end of a school semester)', 'description': 'he MARS-A (12) is a 98-item scale that lists various everyday situations in which adolescents may have to use mathematics.', 'dispersionType': 'Standard Deviation', 'reportingStatus': 'NOT_POSTED'}, {'type': 'SECONDARY', 'title': 'State Anxiety Scores on the State Trait Anxiety Index for Children (STAIC).', 'paramType': 'MEAN', 'timeFrame': 'the beginning of a school semester and 14 weeks later (the end of a school semester)', 'description': 'The STAIC is a scale that distinguishes between a situationally based anxiety and a general intrinsic inclination towards experiencing feelings of anxiety', 'dispersionType': 'Standard Deviation', 'reportingStatus': 'NOT_POSTED'}, {'type': 'PRIMARY', 'title': 'Math Scores on the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS).', 'denoms': [{'units': 'Participants', 'counts': [{'value': '52', 'groupId': 'OG000'}, {'value': '54', 'groupId': 'OG001'}]}], 'groups': [{'id': 'OG000', 'title': 'Gum Chewing'}, {'id': 'OG001', 'title': 'Non-Gum Chewing'}], 'classes': [{'categories': [{'measurements': [{'value': '84.9', 'spread': '10.3', 'groupId': 'OG000'}, {'value': '85.7', 'spread': '11.4', 'groupId': 'OG001'}]}]}], 'analyses': [{'pValue': '.05', 'groupIds': ['OG000', 'OG001'], 'ciPctValue': '95', 'statisticalMethod': 'ANCOVA', 'nonInferiorityType': 'NON_INFERIORITY_OR_EQUIVALENCE', 'statisticalComment': 'Repeated Measures', 'testedNonInferiority': True}], 'paramType': 'MEAN', 'timeFrame': '14 weeks (end of the semester)', 'description': 'The TAKS test is a statewide standardized test administered to all Texas schoolchildren (15). The TAKS assesses reading, math, science, and social studies for 8th grade students; however, the current study analyzed only math scores.', 'unitOfMeasure': 'percentile', 'dispersionType': 'Standard Deviation', 'reportingStatus': 'POSTED', 'populationDescription': '106 participants were analyzed. One particiapant relocated to another school and one participant was removed by the teacher for discipline reasons.'}, {'type': 'PRIMARY', 'title': 'Math Grades', 'denoms': [{'units': 'Participants', 'counts': [{'value': '52', 'groupId': 'OG000'}, {'value': '54', 'groupId': 'OG001'}]}], 'groups': [{'id': 'OG000', 'title': 'Gum Chewing'}, {'id': 'OG001', 'title': 'Non-Gum Chewing'}], 'classes': [{'categories': [{'measurements': [{'value': '75.2', 'spread': '8.4', 'groupId': 'OG000'}, {'value': '76.40', 'spread': '8.8', 'groupId': 'OG001'}]}]}], 'analyses': [{'pValue': '.05', 'groupIds': ['OG000', 'OG001'], 'ciPctValue': '95', 'statisticalMethod': 'ANCOVA', 'nonInferiorityType': 'NON_INFERIORITY_OR_EQUIVALENCE', 'statisticalComment': 'Repeated Measures', 'testedNonInferiority': True}], 'paramType': 'MEAN', 'timeFrame': '14 week (end of the semester)', 'unitOfMeasure': 'average percentage correct', 'dispersionType': 'Standard Deviation', 'reportingStatus': 'POSTED', 'populationDescription': '106 participants were analyzed. One particiapant relocated to another school and one participant was removed by the teacher for discipline reasons.'}]}, 'participantFlowModule': {'groups': [{'id': 'FG000', 'title': 'Gum Chewing'}, {'id': 'FG001', 'title': 'Non-Gum Chewing'}], 'periods': [{'title': 'Overall Study', 'milestones': [{'type': 'STARTED', 'achievements': [{'groupId': 'FG000', 'numSubjects': '53'}, {'groupId': 'FG001', 'numSubjects': '55'}]}, {'type': 'COMPLETED', 'achievements': [{'groupId': 'FG000', 'numSubjects': '52'}, {'groupId': 'FG001', 'numSubjects': '54'}]}, {'type': 'NOT COMPLETED', 'achievements': [{'groupId': 'FG000', 'numSubjects': '1'}, {'groupId': 'FG001', 'numSubjects': '1'}]}], 'dropWithdraws': [{'type': 'Lost to Follow-up', 'reasons': [{'groupId': 'FG000', 'numSubjects': '0'}, {'groupId': 'FG001', 'numSubjects': '1'}]}, {'type': 'Discontnued intervention', 'reasons': [{'groupId': 'FG000', 'numSubjects': '1'}, {'groupId': 'FG001', 'numSubjects': '0'}]}]}], 'recruitmentDetails': 'Researchers and school personnel contacted the parents of all students (n=115) enrolled in an eighth grade math class during the Spring 2008 semester at a charter school in Houston, TX to participate in the current study. A total of 108 (94%) parents provided consent for their children to participate in the study.'}, 'baselineCharacteristicsModule': {'denoms': [{'units': 'Participants', 'counts': [{'value': '53', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '55', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '108', 'groupId': 'BG002'}]}], 'groups': [{'id': 'BG000', 'title': 'Gum Chewing'}, {'id': 'BG001', 'title': 'Non-Gum Chewing'}, {'id': 'BG002', 'title': 'Total', 'description': 'Total of all reporting groups'}], 'measures': [{'title': 'Age, Categorical', 'classes': [{'categories': [{'title': '<=18 years', 'measurements': [{'value': '53', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '55', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '108', 'groupId': 'BG002'}]}, {'title': 'Between 18 and 65 years', 'measurements': [{'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG002'}]}, {'title': '>=65 years', 'measurements': [{'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '0', 'groupId': 'BG002'}]}]}], 'paramType': 'COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS', 'unitOfMeasure': 'Participants'}, {'title': 'Age Continuous', 'classes': [{'categories': [{'measurements': [{'value': '14.7', 'spread': '.8', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '14.6', 'spread': '.7', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '14.6', 'spread': '.7', 'groupId': 'BG002'}]}]}], 'paramType': 'MEAN', 'unitOfMeasure': 'years', 'dispersionType': 'STANDARD_DEVIATION'}, {'title': 'Sex: Female, Male', 'classes': [{'categories': [{'title': 'Female', 'measurements': [{'value': '25', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '27', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '52', 'groupId': 'BG002'}]}, {'title': 'Male', 'measurements': [{'value': '28', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '28', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '56', 'groupId': 'BG002'}]}]}], 'paramType': 'COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS', 'unitOfMeasure': 'Participants'}, {'title': 'Region of Enrollment', 'classes': [{'title': 'United States', 'categories': [{'measurements': [{'value': '53', 'groupId': 'BG000'}, {'value': '55', 'groupId': 'BG001'}, {'value': '108', 'groupId': 'BG002'}]}]}], 'paramType': 'NUMBER', 'unitOfMeasure': 'participants'}]}}, 'protocolSection': {'designModule': {'phases': ['NA'], 'studyType': 'INTERVENTIONAL', 'designInfo': {'allocation': 'RANDOMIZED', 'maskingInfo': {'masking': 'SINGLE', 'whoMasked': ['OUTCOMES_ASSESSOR']}, 'primaryPurpose': 'TREATMENT', 'interventionModel': 'PARALLEL'}, 'enrollmentInfo': {'type': 'ACTUAL', 'count': 108}}, 'statusModule': {'overallStatus': 'COMPLETED', 'startDateStruct': {'date': '2008-02'}, 'expandedAccessInfo': {'hasExpandedAccess': False}, 'statusVerifiedDate': '2008-11', 'completionDateStruct': {'date': '2008-05', 'type': 'ACTUAL'}, 'lastUpdateSubmitDate': '2008-11-18', 'studyFirstSubmitDate': '2008-10-24', 'resultsFirstSubmitDate': '2008-10-24', 'studyFirstSubmitQcDate': '2008-11-14', 'lastUpdatePostDateStruct': {'date': '2008-11-20', 'type': 'ESTIMATED'}, 'resultsFirstSubmitQcDate': '2008-11-14', 'studyFirstPostDateStruct': {'date': '2008-11-17', 'type': 'ESTIMATED'}, 'resultsFirstPostDateStruct': {'date': '2008-11-17', 'type': 'ESTIMATED'}, 'primaryCompletionDateStruct': {'date': '2008-05', 'type': 'ACTUAL'}}, 'outcomesModule': {'primaryOutcomes': [{'measure': 'Math Scores on the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS)', 'timeFrame': 'the beginning of a school semester', 'description': 'The TAKS test is a statewide standardized test administered to all Texas schoolchildren (15). The TAKS assesses reading, math, science, and social studies for 8th grade students; however, the current study analyzed only math scores.'}, {'measure': 'Math Grades', 'timeFrame': 'baseline (the beginning of a school semester )'}, {'measure': 'Math Scores on the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS).', 'timeFrame': '14 weeks (end of the semester)', 'description': 'The TAKS test is a statewide standardized test administered to all Texas schoolchildren (15). The TAKS assesses reading, math, science, and social studies for 8th grade students; however, the current study analyzed only math scores.'}, {'measure': 'Math Grades', 'timeFrame': '14 week (end of the semester)'}], 'secondaryOutcomes': [{'measure': 'Math Scores on the Woodcock Johnson III Tests of Achievement (WJ-III)', 'timeFrame': 'the beginning of a school semester and 14 weeks later (the end of a school semester)', 'description': "The WJ-III (10) is a standardized test battery used to assess an individual's academic strengths and weaknesses. For purposes of the current study, students were given the 4 math subtests of the WJ-III."}, {'measure': 'Scores on the Math Anxiety Rating Scale for Adolescents (MARS-A)', 'timeFrame': 'the beginning of a school semester and 14 weeks later (the end of a school semester)', 'description': 'he MARS-A (12) is a 98-item scale that lists various everyday situations in which adolescents may have to use mathematics.'}, {'measure': 'State Anxiety Scores on the State Trait Anxiety Index for Children (STAIC).', 'timeFrame': 'the beginning of a school semester and 14 weeks later (the end of a school semester)', 'description': 'The STAIC is a scale that distinguishes between a situationally based anxiety and a general intrinsic inclination towards experiencing feelings of anxiety'}]}, 'conditionsModule': {'conditions': ['Academic Achievement in Math']}, 'referencesModule': {'references': [{'pmid': '21620465', 'type': 'DERIVED', 'citation': 'Johnston CA, Tyler C, Stansberry SA, Moreno JP, Foreyt JP. Brief report: gum chewing affects standardized math scores in adolescents. J Adolesc. 2012 Apr;35(2):455-9. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.04.003. Epub 2011 May 26.'}]}, 'descriptionModule': {'briefSummary': 'Context: Gum chewing has been shown to increase cognitive functioning. With the rise in standardized testing of school-age children and the concurrent attempts to improve their scores, finding simple and inexpensive methods to bolster performance is needed.\n\nObjective: To examine the effects of gum chewing on standardized test scores and class grades in a group of 8th grade math students.\n\nDesign: Math classes were randomized to a gum chewing (GC) condition that provided students with gum during class and testing, or a control condition with no gum (NG) provided during class and testing. This study was conducted during the Spring 2008 school semester.\n\nSetting: A charter school in Houston, TX.\n\nParticipants: All students enrolled in eighth grade math at the charter school were approached for recruitment in this study. A total of 108 (94%) students participated. Participants were between the ages of 13 and 16.\n\nMain Outcome Measures: The Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS), the Woodcock Johnson III Tests of Achievement (WJ-III), and math class grades were used to assess any differences in academic performance between the GC and NGC conditions. For purposes of this study, only the math sections of the WJ-III and TAKS, which are both standardized tests, were assessed.\n\nOur primary hypothesis was that adolescents in a gum chewing (GC) condition would have significantly improved standardized test scores and math grades compared to adolescents in a non-gum chewing (NG) control condition.'}, 'eligibilityModule': {'sex': 'ALL', 'stdAges': ['CHILD'], 'maximumAge': '16 Years', 'minimumAge': '13 Years', 'healthyVolunteers': True, 'eligibilityCriteria': 'Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Enrollment in eight grade math class\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Parents did not consent to participation'}, 'identificationModule': {'nctId': 'NCT00792116', 'briefTitle': 'The Effects of Gum Chewing on Math Scores in Adolescents', 'organization': {'class': 'OTHER', 'fullName': 'Baylor College of Medicine'}, 'officialTitle': 'The Effects of Gum Chewing on Standardized Math Scores in Adolescents', 'orgStudyIdInfo': {'id': 'gum and math scores'}}, 'armsInterventionsModule': {'armGroups': [{'type': 'EXPERIMENTAL', 'label': 'Gum Chewing', 'interventionNames': ['Behavioral: Gum Chewing']}, {'type': 'NO_INTERVENTION', 'label': 'Non-gum chewing'}], 'interventions': [{'name': 'Gum Chewing', 'type': 'BEHAVIORAL', 'armGroupLabels': ['Gum Chewing']}]}, 'sponsorCollaboratorsModule': {'leadSponsor': {'name': 'Baylor College of Medicine', 'class': 'OTHER'}, 'collaborators': [{'name': "The Children's Nutrition Research Center", 'class': 'OTHER'}], 'responsibleParty': {'oldNameTitle': 'Craig Johnston'}}}}