Ignite Creation Date:
2025-12-24 @ 9:11 PM
Ignite Modification Date:
2025-12-25 @ 7:01 PM
Study NCT ID:
NCT06030804
Status:
RECRUITING
Last Update Posted:
2025-07-31
First Post:
2023-09-03
Is NOT Gene Therapy:
False
Has Adverse Events:
False
Brief Title:
Perioperative Dexmedetomidine and Long-term Survival After Cancer Surgery
Sponsor:
Organization:
Raw JSON
{'hasResults': False, 'derivedSection': {'miscInfoModule': {'versionHolder': '2025-12-24'}, 'interventionBrowseModule': {'meshes': [{'id': 'D020927', 'term': 'Dexmedetomidine'}, {'id': 'D000077330', 'term': 'Saline Solution'}], 'ancestors': [{'id': 'D007093', 'term': 'Imidazoles'}, {'id': 'D001393', 'term': 'Azoles'}, {'id': 'D006573', 'term': 'Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring'}, {'id': 'D006571', 'term': 'Heterocyclic Compounds'}, {'id': 'D000077324', 'term': 'Crystalloid Solutions'}, {'id': 'D007552', 'term': 'Isotonic Solutions'}, {'id': 'D012996', 'term': 'Solutions'}, {'id': 'D004364', 'term': 'Pharmaceutical Preparations'}]}}, 'protocolSection': {'designModule': {'phases': ['NA'], 'studyType': 'INTERVENTIONAL', 'designInfo': {'allocation': 'RANDOMIZED', 'maskingInfo': {'masking': 'QUADRUPLE', 'whoMasked': ['PARTICIPANT', 'CARE_PROVIDER', 'INVESTIGATOR', 'OUTCOMES_ASSESSOR']}, 'primaryPurpose': 'PREVENTION', 'interventionModel': 'PARALLEL'}, 'enrollmentInfo': {'type': 'ESTIMATED', 'count': 4532}}, 'statusModule': {'overallStatus': 'RECRUITING', 'startDateStruct': {'date': '2023-09-12', 'type': 'ACTUAL'}, 'expandedAccessInfo': {'hasExpandedAccess': False}, 'statusVerifiedDate': '2025-07', 'completionDateStruct': {'date': '2028-10', 'type': 'ESTIMATED'}, 'lastUpdateSubmitDate': '2025-07-29', 'studyFirstSubmitDate': '2023-09-03', 'studyFirstSubmitQcDate': '2023-09-03', 'lastUpdatePostDateStruct': {'date': '2025-07-31', 'type': 'ACTUAL'}, 'studyFirstPostDateStruct': {'date': '2023-09-11', 'type': 'ACTUAL'}, 'primaryCompletionDateStruct': {'date': '2025-09', 'type': 'ESTIMATED'}}, 'outcomesModule': {'otherOutcomes': [{'measure': 'Rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admission after surgery.', 'timeFrame': 'Up to 30 days after surgery.', 'description': 'Percentage of patients who required ICU admission within 30 days after surgery.'}, {'measure': 'Intensity of pain after surgery.', 'timeFrame': 'Two hours after surgery and during the first 4 postoperative days.', 'description': 'Intensity of pain will be assessed with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS; an 11-point scale where 0=no pain and 10=the worst pain) twice daily during the first 4 postoperative days.'}, {'measure': 'Subjective sleep quality after surgery.', 'timeFrame': 'During the first 4 postoperative days.', 'description': 'Subjective sleep quality will be assessed with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS; an 11-point scale where 0=the best sleep and 10=the worst sleep) once daily during the first 4 postoperative days.'}, {'measure': 'Length of stay in hospital after surgery.', 'timeFrame': 'Up to 30 days after surgery.', 'description': 'Length of stay in hospital after surgery.'}, {'measure': 'Incidence of postoperative complications within 30 days.', 'timeFrame': 'Up to 30 days after surgery.', 'description': 'Postoperative complications are defined as new-onset medical events other than delirium that are deemed harmful and require therapeutic intervention, that is grade II or higher on the Clavien-Dindo classification.'}, {'measure': 'Overall survival after surgery', 'timeFrame': 'Up to 3 years after surgery of the last enrolled patient.', 'description': 'Time interval from index surgery to all-cause death.'}, {'measure': 'Cancer-specific survival after surgery', 'timeFrame': 'Up to 3 years after surgery of the last enrolled patient.', 'description': 'Time interval from index surgery to cancer-specific death, with deaths from other causes being censored at the time of death. Cancer-specific death is defined as death fully attributable to the cancer for which the index surgery is performed and usually involves cancer recurrence/metastasis/progression after exclusion of other causes such as stroke and myocardial infarction.'}, {'measure': 'Event-free survival after surgery', 'timeFrame': 'Up to 3 years after surgery of the last enrolled patient.', 'description': 'Time interval from index surgery to cancer recurrence/metastasis/progression, new-onset cancer, new-onset serious illness (requiring hospitalization), or all-cause death, whichever comes first.'}], 'primaryOutcomes': [{'measure': 'Progression-free survival after surgery', 'timeFrame': 'Up to 3 years after surgery of the last enrolled patient.', 'description': 'Time interval from index surgery to cancer recurrence/metastasis/progression or all-cause death, whichever comes first.'}], 'secondaryOutcomes': [{'measure': 'Incidence of postoperative delirium.', 'timeFrame': 'During the first 4 postoperative days.', 'description': 'Delirium will be assessed with the 3D-Confusion Assessment Method (3D-CAM) or CAM for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) twice daily during the first 4 postoperative days.'}, {'measure': 'Incidence of cognitive dysfunction at 6 months and 1 year postoperatively.', 'timeFrame': 'At 6 months and 1 year postoperatively.', 'description': 'Cognitive function will be assessed with the Telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment (T-MoCA; scores range from 0 to 22, with higher score indicating better function) before surgery and at 6 months and 12 months after surgery. A T-MoCA score reduction of 1 standard deviation (SD) or more from baseline will be considered occurrence of cognitive dysfunction.'}]}, 'oversightModule': {'oversightHasDmc': True, 'isFdaRegulatedDrug': False, 'isFdaRegulatedDevice': False}, 'conditionsModule': {'keywords': ['Older patients', 'Cancer surgery', 'Dexmedetomidine', 'Long-term survival'], 'conditions': ['Elderly', 'Cancer Surgery', 'Dexmedetomidine', 'Long-Term Survivors']}, 'referencesModule': {'references': [{'pmid': '30207593', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018 Nov;68(6):394-424. doi: 10.3322/caac.21492. Epub 2018 Sep 12.'}, {'pmid': '26808342', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, Zhang S, Zeng H, Bray F, Jemal A, Yu XQ, He J. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016 Mar-Apr;66(2):115-32. doi: 10.3322/caac.21338. Epub 2016 Jan 25.'}, {'pmid': '29742525', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Zhang DF, Su X, Meng ZT, Li HL, Wang DX, Xue-Ying Li, Maze M, Ma D. Impact of Dexmedetomidine on Long-term Outcomes After Noncardiac Surgery in Elderly: 3-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Surg. 2019 Aug;270(2):356-363. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002801.'}, {'pmid': '34195784', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Du YT, Li YW, Zhao BJ, Guo XY, Feng Y, Zuo MZ, Fu C, Zhou WJ, Li HJ, Liu YF, Cheng T, Mu DL, Zeng Y, Liu PF, Li Y, An HY, Zhu SN, Li XY, Li HJ, Wu YF, Wang DX, Sessler DI; Peking University Clinical Research Program Study Group. Long-term Survival after Combined Epidural-General Anesthesia or General Anesthesia Alone: Follow-up of a Randomized Trial. Anesthesiology. 2021 Aug 1;135(2):233-245. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000003835.'}, {'pmid': '17786535', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Fokas E, Engenhart-Cabillic R, Daniilidis K, Rose F, An HX. Metastasis: the seed and soil theory gains identity. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2007 Dec;26(3-4):705-15. doi: 10.1007/s10555-007-9088-5.'}, {'pmid': '16135919', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Khuri SF, Henderson WG, DePalma RG, Mosca C, Healey NA, Kumbhani DJ; Participants in the VA National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Determinants of long-term survival after major surgery and the adverse effect of postoperative complications. Ann Surg. 2005 Sep;242(3):326-41; discussion 341-3. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000179621.33268.83.'}, {'pmid': '19512884', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Sessler DI. Long-term consequences of anesthetic management. Anesthesiology. 2009 Jul;111(1):1-4. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181a913e1. No abstract available.'}, {'pmid': '10862196', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Yamaguchi K, Takagi Y, Aoki S, Futamura M, Saji S. Significant detection of circulating cancer cells in the blood by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction during colorectal cancer resection. Ann Surg. 2000 Jul;232(1):58-65. doi: 10.1097/00000658-200007000-00009.'}, {'pmid': '11166986', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Page GG, Blakely WP, Ben-Eliyahu S. Evidence that postoperative pain is a mediator of the tumor-promoting effects of surgery in rats. Pain. 2001 Feb 1;90(1-2):191-9. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3959(00)00403-6.'}, {'pmid': '23242747', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Heaney A, Buggy DJ. Can anaesthetic and analgesic techniques affect cancer recurrence or metastasis? Br J Anaesth. 2012 Dec;109 Suppl 1:i17-i28. doi: 10.1093/bja/aes421.'}, {'pmid': '15664784', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Melamed R, Rosenne E, Shakhar K, Schwartz Y, Abudarham N, Ben-Eliyahu S. Marginating pulmonary-NK activity and resistance to experimental tumor metastasis: suppression by surgery and the prophylactic use of a beta-adrenergic antagonist and a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor. Brain Behav Immun. 2005 Mar;19(2):114-26. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2004.07.004.'}, {'pmid': '27275778', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Alazawi W, Pirmadjid N, Lahiri R, Bhattacharya S. Inflammatory and Immune Responses to Surgery and Their Clinical Impact. Ann Surg. 2016 Jul;264(1):73-80. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001691.'}, {'pmid': '36338660', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Liu S, Yu X, Ye F, Jiang L. Can the systemic inflammation score be used to predict prognosis in gastric cancer patients undergoing surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Surg. 2022 Sep 19;9:971326. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.971326. eCollection 2022.'}, {'pmid': '14527919', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Shakhar G, Ben-Eliyahu S. Potential prophylactic measures against postoperative immunosuppression: could they reduce recurrence rates in oncological patients? Ann Surg Oncol. 2003 Oct;10(8):972-92. doi: 10.1245/aso.2003.02.007.'}, {'pmid': '21610013', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Payne CJ, Gibson SC, Bryce G, Jardine AG, Berry C, Kingsmore DB. B-type natriuretic peptide predicts long-term survival after major non-cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2011 Aug;107(2):144-9. doi: 10.1093/bja/aer119. Epub 2011 May 24.'}, {'pmid': '26857591', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Straatman J, Cuesta MA, de Lange-de Klerk ES, van der Peet DL. Long-Term Survival After Complications Following Major Abdominal Surgery. J Gastrointest Surg. 2016 May;20(5):1034-41. doi: 10.1007/s11605-016-3084-4. Epub 2016 Feb 8.'}, {'pmid': '15286730', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Vakkila J, Lotze MT. Inflammation and necrosis promote tumour growth. Nat Rev Immunol. 2004 Aug;4(8):641-8. doi: 10.1038/nri1415. No abstract available.'}, {'pmid': '23717223', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Abdel-Meguid ME. Dexmedetomidine as anesthetic adjunct for fast tracking and pain control in off-pump coronary artery bypass. Saudi J Anaesth. 2013 Jan;7(1):6-8. doi: 10.4103/1658-354X.109557.'}, {'pmid': '9054252', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Jalonen J, Hynynen M, Kuitunen A, Heikkila H, Perttila J, Salmenpera M, Valtonen M, Aantaa R, Kallio A. Dexmedetomidine as an anesthetic adjunct in coronary artery bypass grafting. Anesthesiology. 1997 Feb;86(2):331-45. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199702000-00009.'}, {'pmid': '26991622', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Li Y, Wang B, Zhang LL, He SF, Hu XW, Wong GT, Zhang Y. Dexmedetomidine Combined with General Anesthesia Provides Similar Intraoperative Stress Response Reduction When Compared with a Combined General and Epidural Anesthetic Technique. Anesth Analg. 2016 Apr;122(4):1202-10. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001165.'}, {'pmid': '26016707', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Wang XW, Cao JB, Lv BS, Mi WD, Wang ZQ, Zhang C, Wang HL, Xu Z. Effect of perioperative dexmedetomidine on the endocrine modulators of stress response: a meta-analysis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2015 Aug;42(8):828-36. doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.12431.'}, {'pmid': '26196332', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Li B, Li Y, Tian S, Wang H, Wu H, Zhang A, Gao C. Anti-inflammatory Effects of Perioperative Dexmedetomidine Administered as an Adjunct to General Anesthesia: A Meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2015 Jul 21;5:12342. doi: 10.1038/srep12342.'}, {'pmid': '30032877', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Duan X, Coburn M, Rossaint R, Sanders RD, Waesberghe JV, Kowark A. Efficacy of perioperative dexmedetomidine on postoperative delirium: systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Anaesth. 2018 Aug;121(2):384-397. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.04.046. Epub 2018 Jun 22.'}, {'pmid': '35652170', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Kong H, Xu LM, Wang DX. Perioperative neurocognitive disorders: A narrative review focusing on diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2022 Aug;28(8):1147-1167. doi: 10.1111/cns.13873. Epub 2022 Jun 1.'}, {'pmid': '27542303', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Su X, Meng ZT, Wu XH, Cui F, Li HL, Wang DX, Zhu X, Zhu SN, Maze M, Ma D. Dexmedetomidine for prevention of delirium in elderly patients after non-cardiac surgery: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2016 Oct 15;388(10054):1893-1902. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30580-3. Epub 2016 Aug 16.'}, {'pmid': '31903588', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Li CJ, Wang BJ, Mu DL, Hu J, Guo C, Li XY, Ma D, Wang DX. Randomized clinical trial of intraoperative dexmedetomidine to prevent delirium in the elderly undergoing major non-cardiac surgery. Br J Surg. 2020 Jan;107(2):e123-e132. doi: 10.1002/bjs.11354.'}, {'pmid': '29109628', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Cata JP, Singh V, Lee BM, Villarreal J, Mehran JR, Yu J, Gottumukkala V, Lavon H, Ben-Eliyahu S. Intraoperative use of dexmedetomidine is associated with decreased overall survival after lung cancer surgery. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2017 Jul-Sep;33(3):317-323. doi: 10.4103/joacp.JOACP_299_16.'}, {'pmid': '29397129', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Lavon H, Matzner P, Benbenishty A, Sorski L, Rossene E, Haldar R, Elbaz E, Cata JP, Gottumukkala V, Ben-Eliyahu S. Dexmedetomidine promotes metastasis in rodent models of breast, lung, and colon cancers. Br J Anaesth. 2018 Jan;120(1):188-196. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.004. Epub 2017 Nov 23.'}, {'pmid': '36736209', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Xing MW, Li CJ, Guo C, Wang BJ, Mu DL, Wang DX. Effect of intraoperative dexmedetomidine on long-term survival in older patients after major noncardiac surgery: 3-year follow-up of a randomized trial. J Clin Anesth. 2023 Jun;86:111068. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2023.111068. Epub 2023 Feb 1.'}, {'pmid': '21818162', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Austin PC. An Introduction to Propensity Score Methods for Reducing the Effects of Confounding in Observational Studies. Multivariate Behav Res. 2011 May;46(3):399-424. doi: 10.1080/00273171.2011.568786. Epub 2011 Jun 8.'}]}, 'descriptionModule': {'briefSummary': 'Along with aging population, cancer incidence and mortality are increasing. However, despite advances in oncology and surgery, long-term survival of cancer patients is far from optimal. Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective alpha 2 adrenergic receptor agonist with sedative, analgesic, and anxiolytic effects. Studies showed that perioperative use of dexmedetomidine reduces delirium and some non-delirium complications after surgery. In long-term follow-up studies of older patients who, for other reasons, were randomized to receive either dexmedetomidine or placebo during intra- or postoperative period, dexmedetomidine use was associated with improved long-term survival. This multicenter randomized trial aims to investigate the effect of perioperative dexmedetomidine on long-term outcomes in older patients undergoing cancer surgery.', 'detailedDescription': 'Along with aging population, cancer incidence and mortality are increasing. Surgical resection remains the mainstay treatment for solid organ cancer. However, despite advances in oncology and surgery, long-term survival of cancer patients is far from optimal. For example, the 5-year survival rate of cancer patients is about 36.9% in China, and the survival rate decreases for about 10% each year in older patients after cancer surgery. How to improve long-term survival after cancer surgery remains an urgent problem to be solved.\n\nCancer death usually occur after cancer recurrence or metastasis. The development of cancer recurrence or metastasise after surgical resection depends on the balance between the anti-cancer defense function of host and the invasiveness of residual cancer cells. Studies showed that surgery, while resecting cancer mass, also releases cancer cells into the circulation. Surgical stress also impairs cell-mediated immunity and promote cancer growth.\n\nDexmedetomidine is a highly selective alpha 2 adrenergic receptor agonist with sedative, analgesic, and anxiolytic effects. Studies showed that intraoperative use of dexmedetomidine reduces anesthetic and opioid consumption and relieves surgery-related stress response and inflammation. Studies also showed that perioperative use of dexmedetomidine reduces delirium, a commonly occurred complication in older patients, and some non-delirium complications after surgery.\n\nThe effect of perioperative dexmedetomidine on long-term outcomes after cancer surgery remains unclear. In a long-term follow-up of older patients who were randomized to receive either low-dose dexmedetomidine or placebo during intensive care unit stay, dexmedetomidine use was associated with improved survival within 2 years. In a recent long-term follow-up of older patients who were randomized to receive either dexmedetomidine or placebo during surgery, dexmedetomidine use was associated with improved recurrence-free survival.\n\nThe investigators hypothesize that perioperative use of dexmedetomidine may improve long-term survival after cancer surgery. This multicenter randomized trial aims to investigate the effect of perioperative dexmedetomidine on long-term outcomes in older patients undergoing cancer surgery.'}, 'eligibilityModule': {'sex': 'ALL', 'stdAges': ['ADULT', 'OLDER_ADULT'], 'minimumAge': '60 Years', 'healthyVolunteers': False, 'eligibilityCriteria': 'Inclusion criteria:\n\n1. Aged 60 years or older.\n2. Scheduled to undergo radical surgery for cancer under general anesthesia, with an expected surgical duration of 2 hours or longer.\n3. Required patient-controlled intravenous analgesia after surgery.\n\nExclusion criteria:\n\n1. Inability to communicate preoperatively due to visual, auditory, verbal. or other reasons.\n2. Surgery for breast cancer or intracranial tumor.\n3. Preoperative severe sinus bradycardia (\\<50 beats per minute), sick sinus syndrome，or second-degree or above atrioventricular block without pacemaker.\n4. Severe hepatic dysfunction (Child-Pugh class C).\n5. Severe renal dysfunction (requirement of renal replacement therapy before surgery).\n6. Enrolled in other clinical studies.'}, 'identificationModule': {'nctId': 'NCT06030804', 'briefTitle': 'Perioperative Dexmedetomidine and Long-term Survival After Cancer Surgery', 'organization': {'class': 'OTHER', 'fullName': 'Peking University First Hospital'}, 'officialTitle': 'Impact of Perioperative Dexmedetomidine on Long-term Survival in Older Patients After Cancer Surgery: a Multicenter Randomized Trial', 'orgStudyIdInfo': {'id': '2023-227'}}, 'armsInterventionsModule': {'armGroups': [{'type': 'EXPERIMENTAL', 'label': 'Dexmedetomidine group', 'description': 'A loading dose of dexmedetomidine (0.6 μg/kg) will be administered over 10-15 minutes before anaesthesia induction, followed by a continuous infusion at a rate of 0.5 μg/kg/h till 1 hour before the end of surgery. Patient-controlled dexmedetomidine supplemented sufentanil analgesia will be provided after surgery: the formula contains a mixture of sufentanil (1.25 μg/ml) and dexmedetomidine (1.25 μg/ml), diluted with normal saline to a total volume of 160 ml; the analgesic pump is set to administer a background infusion at a rate of 1 ml/h, with patient-controlled bolus of 2 ml each time and a lockout time of 8 minutes.', 'interventionNames': ['Drug: Dexmedetomidine']}, {'type': 'PLACEBO_COMPARATOR', 'label': 'Control group', 'description': 'Volume-matched normal saline will be administered in the same rate and volume for the same duration as in the dexmedetomidine group during anesthesia. Patient-controlled sufentanil analgesia will be provided after surgery: the formula contains sufentanil (1.25 μg/ml), diluted with normal saline to a total volume of 160 ml; the analgesic pump is set to administer a background infusion at a rate of 1 ml/h, with patient-controlled bolus of 2 ml each time and a lockout time of 8 minutes.', 'interventionNames': ['Drug: Placebo']}], 'interventions': [{'name': 'Dexmedetomidine', 'type': 'DRUG', 'otherNames': ['Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride'], 'description': 'A loading dose of dexmedetomidine (0.6 μg/kg) will be administered over 10-15 minutes before anaesthesia induction, followed by a continuous infusion at a rate of 0.5 μg/kg/hr till 1 hour before the end of surgery. Patient-controlled dexmedetomidine supplemented sufentanil analgesia will be provided after surgery: the formula contains a mixture of sufentanil (1.25 μg/ml) and dexmedetomidine (1.25 μg/ml), diluted with normal saline to a total volume of 160 ml; the analgesic pump is set to administer a background infusion at a rate of 1 ml/h, with patient-controlled bolus of 2 ml each time and a lockout time of 8 minutes.', 'armGroupLabels': ['Dexmedetomidine group']}, {'name': 'Placebo', 'type': 'DRUG', 'otherNames': ['Normal saline'], 'description': 'Volume-matched normal saline will be administered in the same rate and volume for the same duration as in the dexmedetomidine group during anesthesia. Patient-controlled sufentanil analgesia will be provided after surgery: the formula contains sufentanil (1.25 μg/ml), diluted with normal saline to a total volume of 160 ml; the analgesic pump is set to administer a background infusion at a rate of 1 ml/h, with patient-controlled bolus of 2 ml each time and a lockout time of 8 minutes.', 'armGroupLabels': ['Control group']}]}, 'contactsLocationsModule': {'locations': [{'zip': '065001', 'city': 'Hefei', 'state': 'Anhui', 'status': 'RECRUITING', 'country': 'China', 'contacts': [{'name': 'Juan Li', 'role': 'CONTACT', 'email': 'huamuzi1999@126.com', 'phone': '+86 13956005465'}, {'name': 'Mingming Han', 'role': 'CONTACT', 'email': 'hanmingming@ustc.edu.cn', 'phone': '+86 15856972325'}], 'facility': 'The First Affiliated Hospital of China University of Science and Technology', 'geoPoint': {'lat': 31.86389, 'lon': 117.28083}}, {'zip': '230001', 'city': 'Hefei', 'state': 'Anhui', 'status': 'RECRUITING', 'country': 'China', 'contacts': [{'name': 'Sheng Wang', 'role': 'CONTACT', 'phone': '+86 19156007726'}, {'name': 'Keqiang He', 'role': 'CONTACT', 'email': 'doctorhector@ustc.edu.cn', 'phone': '+86 13965008903'}], 'facility': 'The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital)', 'geoPoint': {'lat': 31.86389, 'lon': 117.28083}}, {'zip': '100034', 'city': 'Beijing', 'state': 'Beijing Municipality', 'status': 'RECRUITING', 'country': 'China', 'contacts': [{'name': 'Dong-Xin Wang, MD, PhD', 'role': 'CONTACT', 'email': 'wangdongxin@hotmail.com', 'phone': '8610 83572784'}, {'name': 'Jia-Hui Ma, PhD', 'role': 'CONTACT', 'email': 'mjh@bjmu.edu.cn', 'phone': '8610 83575138'}], 'facility': 'Peking University First Hospital', 'geoPoint': {'lat': 39.9075, 'lon': 116.39723}}, {'zip': '100040', 'city': 'Beijing', 'state': 'Beijing Municipality', 'status': 'RECRUITING', 'country': 'China', 'contacts': [{'name': 'Ting Fan', 'role': 'CONTACT', 'email': '1368110715@163.com', 'phone': '+86 13681100715'}, {'name': 'Yao Chen', 'role': 'CONTACT', 'email': '15210079723@163.com', 'phone': '+86 13681100715'}], 'facility': 'Tsinghua University Yuquan Hospital', 'geoPoint': {'lat': 39.9075, 'lon': 116.39723}}, {'zip': '200032', 'city': 'Beijing', 'state': 'Beijing Municipality', 'status': 'RECRUITING', 'country': 'China', 'contacts': [{'name': 'Hui Zheng', 'role': 'CONTACT', 'email': '1060204797@qq.com', 'phone': '+86 13811516861'}, {'name': 'Chaoqun Liu', 'role': 'CONTACT', 'email': '1060204797@qq.com', 'phone': '+86 13722148630'}], 'facility': 'Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences', 'geoPoint': {'lat': 39.9075, 'lon': 116.39723}}, {'zip': '400038', 'city': 'Chongqing', 'state': 'Chongqing Municipality', 'status': 'RECRUITING', 'country': 'China', 'contacts': [{'name': 'Jianteng Gu', 'role': 'CONTACT', 'email': 'gjt1976@163.com', 'phone': '+86 13983716009'}, {'name': 'Jianbo Ma', 'role': 'CONTACT', 'email': 'smmu2001@126.com', 'phone': '+86 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