Ignite Creation Date:
2025-12-24 @ 5:38 PM
Ignite Modification Date:
2025-12-29 @ 6:41 PM
Study NCT ID:
NCT04841668
Status:
RECRUITING
Last Update Posted:
2025-12-12
First Post:
2021-04-06
Is NOT Gene Therapy:
True
Has Adverse Events:
False
Brief Title:
Gut-Brain-axis: Targets for Improvement of Cognition in the Elderly
Sponsor:
Organization:
Raw JSON
{'hasResults': False, 'derivedSection': {'miscInfoModule': {'versionHolder': '2025-12-24'}, 'conditionBrowseModule': {'meshes': [{'id': 'D003924', 'term': 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2'}], 'ancestors': [{'id': 'D003920', 'term': 'Diabetes Mellitus'}, {'id': 'D044882', 'term': 'Glucose Metabolism Disorders'}, {'id': 'D008659', 'term': 'Metabolic Diseases'}, {'id': 'D009750', 'term': 'Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases'}, {'id': 'D004700', 'term': 'Endocrine System Diseases'}]}, 'interventionBrowseModule': {'meshes': [{'id': 'D008687', 'term': 'Metformin'}], 'ancestors': [{'id': 'D001645', 'term': 'Biguanides'}, {'id': 'D006146', 'term': 'Guanidines'}, {'id': 'D000578', 'term': 'Amidines'}, {'id': 'D009930', 'term': 'Organic Chemicals'}]}}, 'protocolSection': {'designModule': {'studyType': 'OBSERVATIONAL', 'designInfo': {'timePerspective': 'PROSPECTIVE', 'observationalModel': 'COHORT'}, 'enrollmentInfo': {'type': 'ESTIMATED', 'count': 136}, 'patientRegistry': False}, 'statusModule': {'overallStatus': 'RECRUITING', 'startDateStruct': {'date': '2021-04-10', 'type': 'ACTUAL'}, 'expandedAccessInfo': {'hasExpandedAccess': False}, 'statusVerifiedDate': '2025-04', 'completionDateStruct': {'date': '2026-02', 'type': 'ESTIMATED'}, 'lastUpdateSubmitDate': '2025-12-05', 'studyFirstSubmitDate': '2021-04-06', 'studyFirstSubmitQcDate': '2021-04-08', 'lastUpdatePostDateStruct': {'date': '2025-12-12', 'type': 'ESTIMATED'}, 'studyFirstPostDateStruct': {'date': '2021-04-12', 'type': 'ACTUAL'}, 'primaryCompletionDateStruct': {'date': '2025-06-01', 'type': 'ACTUAL'}}, 'outcomesModule': {'otherOutcomes': [{'measure': 'Integrity of the brain gray matter', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'It will be assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (T1-weighted)'}, {'measure': 'Integrity of the white matter tracts', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'It will be assessed using magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)'}, {'measure': 'Brain iron accumulation', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'It will be assessed using magnetic resonance imaging using (R2\\*)'}, {'measure': 'Resting-state functional brain sequences', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'It will be assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (T2\\*-weighted echo-planar imaging)'}, {'measure': 'Insulin resistance', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'It will be measured by HOMA'}, {'measure': 'Markers of chronic inflammation: C-reactive protein, IL-6, adiponectin and soluble, tumor necrosis factor-α receptor fractions.', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)'}, {'measure': 'Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in % or mmol/mol'}, {'measure': 'The percentage of time in hyperglycaemia (glucose level above 180 mg/dl)', 'timeFrame': '12 months'}, {'measure': 'The percentage of time in hypoglycaemia (glucose level below 70 mg/dl)', 'timeFrame': '12 months'}, {'measure': 'The glycaemic risk measured with low blood glucose index (LBGI)', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'Low blood glucose index (LBGI) is a parameter that quantifies the risk of glycaemic excursions in non-negative numbers.'}, {'measure': 'The glycaemic risk measured with high blood glucose index (HBGI)', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'High blood glucose index (HBGI) is a parameter that quantifies the risk of glycaemic excursions in non-negative numbers.'}, {'measure': 'The glycaemic variability measured with mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions (MAGE)', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'measured in mg/dl'}, {'measure': 'Burned calories', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'Mean and standard deviation of burned calories measures by activity and sleep tracker device.'}, {'measure': 'Steps', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'Mean and standard deviation of steps measures by activity and sleep tracker device.'}, {'measure': 'Distance', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'Mean and standard deviation of distance measures by activity and sleep tracker device.'}, {'measure': 'Plants', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'Mean and standard deviation of plants measures by activity and sleep tracker device.'}, {'measure': 'Minutes null activity', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'Mean and standard deviation of minutes null activity measures by activity and sleep tracker device.'}, {'measure': 'Minutes slight activity', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'Mean and standard deviation of minutes slight activity measures by activity and sleep tracker device.'}, {'measure': 'Minutes mean activity', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'Mean and standard deviation of minutes mean activity measures by activity and sleep tracker device.'}, {'measure': 'Minutes high activity', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'Mean and standard deviation of minutes high activity measures by activity and sleep tracker device.'}, {'measure': 'Calories consumption', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'Mean and standard deviation of calories measures by activity and sleep tracker device.'}, {'measure': 'Minutes asleep', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'Mean and standard deviation of minutes asleep measures by activity and sleep tracker device.'}, {'measure': 'Minutes awake', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'Mean and standard deviation of minutes awake measures by activity and sleep tracker device.'}, {'measure': 'Bed time', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'Mean and standard deviation of bed time measures by activity and sleep tracker device.'}, {'measure': 'Minutes light sleep', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'Mean and standard deviation of minutes light sleep measures by activity and sleep tracker device.'}, {'measure': 'Minutes deep sleep', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'Mean and standard deviation of minutes deep sleep measures by activity and sleep tracker device.'}, {'measure': 'Minutes rapid eye movement (REM)', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'Mean and standard deviation of minutes REM measures by activity and sleep tracker device.'}, {'measure': 'Number time awake', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'Mean and standard deviation of number time awake measures by activity and sleep tracker device.'}], 'primaryOutcomes': [{'measure': 'Gut microbiota composition.', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'It will be identified in the stool by cultures and DNA and mRNA expression after metformin treatment.'}, {'measure': 'Cognitive impairment', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'It will be measured by Mini-Examen Cognoscitivo (MEC).'}, {'measure': 'Audioverbal memory', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'It will be measured by Test aprendizaje verbal-TAVEC.'}, {'measure': 'Visual memory', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'It will be measured by Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure.'}, {'measure': 'Depressive symptomatology', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'It will be measured by Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9).'}, {'measure': 'Impulsivity', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'It will be measured by UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale.'}, {'measure': 'Food Addiction', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'It will be measured by Yale Food Addiction Scale.'}, {'measure': 'Behavioral inhibition', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'It will be measured by Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward (SPSRQ).'}, {'measure': 'Behavioral activation', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'It will be measured by Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward (SPSRQ).'}, {'measure': 'Visoconstructive function', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'It will be measured by Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure.'}, {'measure': 'Visuospatial perception', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'It will be measured by Judgment Line Orientation.'}, {'measure': 'Naming', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'It will be measured by Boston Naming Test.'}, {'measure': 'Selective and alternating attention', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'It will be measured by Trail making test (Part A y B).'}, {'measure': 'Attention and working memory', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'It will be measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales, Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV).'}, {'measure': 'Inhibition', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'It will be measured by Stroop Color-Word Test.'}, {'measure': 'Phonemic verbal fluency', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'It will be measured by PMR'}, {'measure': 'Semantic verbal fluency', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'It will be measured by Animals'}], 'secondaryOutcomes': [{'measure': 'The percentage of time in glucose target range (glucose level 70mg/dl-180mg/dl)', 'timeFrame': '12 months'}, {'measure': 'Effect on gut microbiota', 'timeFrame': '12 months', 'description': 'Gut microbiota will be analysed by metagenomics and metabolomics.'}, {'measure': 'The percentage of time in glucose range (glucose level below 100 mg/dl)', 'timeFrame': '12 months'}, {'measure': 'The percentage of time in glucose range (glucose level between 100-125 mg/dl)', 'timeFrame': '12 months'}, {'measure': 'The percentage of time in glucose range (glucose level between 126-139 mg/dl)', 'timeFrame': '12 months'}, {'measure': 'The percentage of time in glucose range (glucose level between 140-199 mg/dl)', 'timeFrame': '12 months'}]}, 'oversightModule': {'isFdaRegulatedDrug': False, 'isFdaRegulatedDevice': False}, 'conditionsModule': {'keywords': ['Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus', 'Continous Glucose Monitoring', 'Cognition', 'Metformin', 'Gut microbiome', 'Magnetic resonance imaging', 'Physical activity monitor'], 'conditions': ['Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus']}, 'referencesModule': 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J Clin Invest. 2008 Apr;118(4):1322-9. doi: 10.1172/JCI34034.'}, {'pmid': '18806222', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Lozupone CA, Hamady M, Cantarel BL, Coutinho PM, Henrissat B, Gordon JI, Knight R. The convergence of carbohydrate active gene repertoires in human gut microbes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Sep 30;105(39):15076-81. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0807339105. Epub 2008 Sep 19.'}, {'pmid': '18806780', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Wen L, Ley RE, Volchkov PY, Stranges PB, Avanesyan L, Stonebraker AC, Hu C, Wong FS, Szot GL, Bluestone JA, Gordon JI, Chervonsky AV. Innate immunity and intestinal microbiota in the development of Type 1 diabetes. Nature. 2008 Oct 23;455(7216):1109-13. doi: 10.1038/nature07336. Epub 2008 Sep 21.'}, {'pmid': '27965879', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Eldridge SM, Chan CL, Campbell MJ, Bond CM, Hopewell S, Thabane L, Lancaster GA; PAFS consensus group. CONSORT 2010 statement: extension to randomised pilot and feasibility trials. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2016 Oct 21;2:64. doi: 10.1186/s40814-016-0105-8. eCollection 2016.'}, {'pmid': '8532986', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Browne RH. On the use of a pilot sample for sample size determination. Stat Med. 1995 Sep 15;14(17):1933-40. doi: 10.1002/sim.4780141709.'}, {'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York:Academic Press)'}, {'pmid': '22169081', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Sim J, Lewis M. The size of a pilot study for a clinical trial should be calculated in relation to considerations of precision and efficiency. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012 Mar;65(3):301-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.07.011. Epub 2011 Dec 9.'}]}, 'descriptionModule': {'briefSummary': 'Cognitive disorders increase with age and in the presence of metabolic diseases such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). In addition, digestive disorders, changes in dietary pattern and decreased activity negatively influence the microbiome.\n\nThe hypothesis is that pharmacological intervention with metformin will modify the composition of the gut microbiota and cognition.\n\nThe study has a pilot longitudinal design, where each patient with T2DM will be followed for one year. Two groups will be recruited:\n\n1. Group A: The aim will be to evaluate the associations between glucose (measured by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)), cognitive function (by means of cognitive tests and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)), physical activity (recorded by activity and sleep tracker devicer), metformin, diet (evaluated by nutritional survey) and composition of the microbiota (evaluated by metagenomics), during 12 months (6 months without metformin and 6 months with metformin treatment).\n2. Group B: The aim will be to evaluate the associations between glucose, diet (evaluated by nutritional survey), cognitive function (by means of cognitive tests), physical activity (measured by activity and sleep tracker device), the treatment and composition of the microbiota (evaluated by metagenomics), during 12 months.', 'detailedDescription': 'Subjects and methods:\n\nLongitudinal study:\n\nPatients with T2DM previously scheduled at the Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition (UDEN) of the Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta" of Girona (Spain) will be recruited and studied.\n\nGROUP A\n\nThis study consists of an initial phase, where the patient will be submitted as the only treatment to a balanced diet with an energy intake, calculated individually according to whether he/she is normal weight (25 Kcal x Kg) or overweight (20 Kcal x Kg of weight).\n\nAfter this initial phase, in addition to continuing with the balanced diet treatment, patients will start treatment with metformin administered orally at an initial dose of 425 mg/d every 12 hours during the first 15 days and then continue with doses of 850 mg/d until the end of the study.\n\nA glycemia sensor will be inserted for ten days, as well as an activity and sleep tracker device (Fitbit) to record physical activity during this period of time. Interstitial subcutaneous glucose concentrations will be monitored on an outpatient basis for a period of time of 10 consecutive days using a glucose sensor validated by the FDA (Dexcom G6 ®). The sensor will be inserted on day 0 and it will retire on day 10 midmorning.\n\nThis process will be repeated 10 days prior to the start of the of treatment with Metformin and 10 days before the end of the 6 month study phase with metformin. During the study, 6 visits will be made and each patient will be inserted with a total of 3 glycemia sensors and 3 physical activity monitors. In summary, the glycemia sensor and physical activity monitoring will be started at visits 1, 3, 5 and will be removed at visits 2,4,6.\n\nVisit 1(day 1): Physical examination, Nutritional survey, Bioimpedance, Densitometry, CGM and Activity and sleep tracker device. Consent form\n\nVisit 2 (day 10): Sample: blood, urine and feces. Diet, Neuropsychological test, CGM withdrawal, Activity and sleep tracker device withdrawal, MRI.\n\nVisit 3 (day 170): Physical examination, Nutritional survey, Bioimpedance, CGM and Activity and sleep tracker device\n\nVisit 4 (day 180): Sample: blood, urine and feces. Dietary follow-up, Neuropsychological test, CGM withdrawal and Activity and sleep tracker device withdrawal. Start of metformin treatment.\n\nVisit 5 (day 350): Physical examination, Nutritional survey, Bioimpedance, CGM and Activity and sleep tracker device.\n\nVisit 6 (day 360): Sample: blood, urine and feces. Dietary follow-up, Neuropsychological test, CGM withdrawal and Activity and sleep tracker device withdrawal. Metformin withdrawal.\n\nGROUP B:\n\nDuring the study, 5 visits will be made for this group:\n\nVisit 1(day 1): Physical examination, Nutritional survey, Bioimpedance, Densitometry and Activity and sleep tracker device. Consent form.\n\nVisit 2 (day 10): Sample: blood, urine and feces. Diet, Neuropsychological test and Activity and sleep tracker device withdrawal.\n\nVisit 3 (day 180): Diet follow-up.\n\nVisit 4 (day 350): Physical examination, Nutritional survey, Bioimpedance and Activity and sleep tracker device.\n\nVisit 5 (day 360): Sample: blood, urine and feces. Diet follow-up, Neuropsychological test and Activity and sleep tracker device withdrawal.\n\nDATA COLLECTION OF SUBJECTS LONGITUDINAL STUDIES:\n\n1. Subsidiary data: Age, sex and birth date.\n2. Clinical variables:\n\n * Weight\n * height,\n * body mass index\n * waist and hip perimeters\n * waist-to-hip ratio\n * blood pressure (systolic and diastolic)\n * fat mass and fat free-mass (bioelectric impedance and DEXA)\n * smoking status\n * alcohol intake\n * registry of usual medicines\n * personal history of blood transfusion and/or donation\n * record of family history of obesity, cardiovascular events and diabetes\n * psychiatric and eating disorder history.\n3. Laboratory variables: 15cc of blood will be extracted from fasted subjects to determine the following variables using the usual routine techniques of the clinical laboratory:\n\n * hemogram\n * glucose\n * bilirubin\n * aspartate aminotransferase (AST/GOT)\n * alanine aminotransferase (ALT/GPT)\n * gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)\n * urea\n * creatinine\n * uric acid\n * total proteins,\n * albumin\n * total cholesterol \\| HDL cholesterol \\| LDL cholesterol\n * triglycerides,\n * glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)\n * ferritin \\| soluble transferrin receptor\n * ultrasensitive C reactive protein\n * erythrocyte sedimentation rate\n * lipopolysaccharide binding protein\n * free thyroxine (free T4) \\| thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) \\| baseline cortisol -plasma insulin\n * inflammation markers \\| interleukin 6 (IL-6). An additional 15cc of blood (plasma-EDTA) will be extracted for further analyses.\n4. Stool samples collection: A stool sample will be provided from each patient. The sample should be collected at home or in the hospital, sent to the laboratory within 4 hours from the collection, fragmented and stored at -80ºC.\n\n -Analysis of intestinal microbiota in stool:\n * Determination of bacterial DNA and mRNA and study of the LBP binding protein in blood for the detection of bacterial translocation. LBP binding protein in blood for the detection of bacterial translocation. Hiseq and Nextseq technology (qPCR and protein analysis (WB, ELISA), OMICS (RNAseq, 16S, Metabolomics, Metagenomics).\n * Inflammatory and immunological markers will be determined using ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) equipment and quantitative real-time PCR validation. For qPCR, total RNA will be isolated from different tissues and will transcribe into cDNA.\n * Determination of metabolic profile and metabolite analysis.\n5. Intestinal barrier function:Exposure to a lactulose:mannitol test before/after surgery. Plasma samples will be used to measure intestinal permeability markers: bacterial endotoxin, sCD14, LBP, ZO-1, and I-FABP.\n6. Urine sample collection: Necessary to determine alterations in the metabolic pathways involved in tryptophan metabolism, and to determine the role of the intestinal microbiota in these metabolic changes.\n7. MRI: The necessary sequences will be acquired for the calculation of the BrainAGE biomarker and the characterization of the networks involved in cognitive functions. For the acquisition a 1.5 T scanner (Ingenia; Philips Medical Systems) will be used 1,5 T scanner (Ingenia; Philips Medical Systems) will be used for the acquisition. First, recovery-inversion sequence (T2-FLAIR) will be used to exclude subjects with pre-existing brain lesions. Subsequently, structural sequences will be acquired sequences will then be acquired to measure the integrity of cerebral gray matter (T1-weighted), tracts of weighted), of the white matter tracts (DTI), iron accumulation (R2\\*), and (R2\\*), and functional sequences in resting-state (T2\\*-weighted echo-planar imaging, EPI).\n8. Neuropsychological examination: Different domains of cognition will be explored: memory (Test aprendizaje verbal-TAVEC, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure) attention and executive function(WAIS-IV, Trail making test (Part A y B), Stroop test). In addition, cognitive impairment will be evaluated with Lobo\'s Mini-Cognitive Exam. These tests will be useful to define the changes in the cognitive profile associated with the pharmacological intervention with metformin.\n\nThe information will remain registered in a notebook and will be computerized in the database of the study.\n\nSTATICAL METHODS:\n\nSample size: Since this is intended as a pilot study, no formal sample size calculation is required. A general rule is to recruit 30 or more patients to estimate a parameter and 15-20 participants per group to obtain reasonable estimates for medium to large effect sizes.\n\nStatistical analyses: It will be based on a descriptive analysis (mean, standard deviation, sample size, median, minimum and maximum) of the quantitative parameters and the indication of the frequency of the remaining categorical parameters. Comparisons between groups will be based on a paired samples t-test or a chi-square test. The results of these analyses may be useful to assess whether further analyses are needed to adjust for possible imbalance in the baseline characteristics of the patients.\n\nThe changes in the composition of the gut microbiota after the intervention with metformin will be analyzed using Heatmaps, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and PLSDA. For the multivariate statistical analysis (PLSDA and hierarchical clustering). The variables that comprise the characteristics of the intestinal microbiota and cognitive tests will be logarithmically transformed, filtered with interquartile range estimation and staggered by autoscale calculation (mean and divided by the standard deviation of each variable) by using the Metaboanalyst platform.\n\nThe changes determined in the gut microbiota and cognition variables will be explored in relation to the changes in the secondary variables (metabolic, metabolome, inflammation parameters) by linear regression analysis in SPSS. Brain image variables will be analyzed with specialized programs (MATLAB, SPM12).'}, 'eligibilityModule': {'sex': 'ALL', 'stdAges': ['OLDER_ADULT'], 'maximumAge': '80 Years', 'minimumAge': '65 Years', 'samplingMethod': 'NON_PROBABILITY_SAMPLE', 'studyPopulation': 'Group A Study population Adult patients (≥ 65 years of age) recently diagnosed with T2DM according to the WHO and who have not been treated with metformin.\n\nGroup B Study population Adult patients (≥ 65 years of age) diagnosed with long-term T2DM according to the WHO classification, regardless of whether they take metformin or other treatment.', 'healthyVolunteers': False, 'eligibilityCriteria': "Group A\n\nInclusion Criteria:\n\n1. Age between 55 and 80 years.\n2. Patients with recently diagnosed T2DM (last 6 months), according to the WHO classification.\n3. Patients in whom written informed consent has been obtained for participation in the study.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n1. HbA1c ≥ 9%\n2. Metformin treatment in the past 6 months\n3. Creatinine greater than 1.2 and glomerular filtration rate less than 40\n4. Serious systemic disease not related to obesity, including any type of cancer, severe kidney disease or liver disease, and known type 1 diabetes.\n5. Systemic diseases with intrinsic inflammatory activity such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, asthma, or chronic infection (e.g., HIV, active tuberculosis) or any type of infectious disease.\n6. Current treatment for malignant neoplasia, other than basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer.\n7. Class III or IV heart disease, known ischemic cardiovascular disease\n8. Kidney failure, history of kidney transplant, or current dialysis treatment\n9. Serum liver enzymes (GOT, GPT) above twice the upper limit of normal. Obvious signs or symptoms of liver disease, acute or chronic hepatitis.\n10. Chronic constipation (stool habit ≥ 7 days)\n11. Pregnancy or breastfeeding\n12. Treatments that affect glucose metabolism or the intestinal microbiota with biguanides, sulfonylurea secretagogues or non-sulfonylurea secretagogues, insulin sensitizers, insulin, thiazolidinediones, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, incretin mimetics, Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors, use of cathartics.\n13. Chronic anti-inflammatory treatment with steroidal drugs (during the previous 3 months).\n14. Symptoms and / or clinical signs of infection in the previous month.\n15. Antibiotic, antifungal or antiviral treatment active in the previous 3 months.\n16. Treatment with glucocorticoids chronic or during the 2 months prior to inclusion in the study.\n17. Treatment with a weight loss product during the previous two months\n18. Immunosuppressant treatment.\n19. Excessive alcohol consumption (alcohol intake greater than 40 g per day (women) or 80 g / day (men)) either acute or chronic, or drug use. History of drug or alcohol abuse.\n20. Patients with severe eating disorders\n21. History of alterations in iron balance (known chronic hemoglobinopathies or anemia, genetic hemochromatosis, hemosiderosis from any cause, atransferrinemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria).\n22. Important psychiatric history.\n23. Participation in any other study.\n24. People whose freedom is under legal or administrative requirement.\n\nGroup B\n\nInclusion Criteria:\n\n1. Age between 65 and 80 years.\n2. Patients with long-term T2DM according to the WHO classification\n3. Patients in whom written informed consent has been obtained for participation in the study.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n1. HbA1c ≥ 9%\n2. Creatinine greater than 1.2 and glomerular filtration rate less than 40\n3. Serious systemic disease not related to obesity, including any type of cancer, severe kidney disease or liver disease, and known type 1 diabetes.\n4. Systemic diseases with intrinsic inflammatory activity such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, asthma, or chronic infection (e.g., HIV, active tuberculosis) or any type of infectious disease.\n5. Current treatment for malignant neoplasia, other than basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer.\n6. Class III or IV heart disease, known ischemic cardiovascular disease.\n7. Kidney failure, history of kidney transplant, or current dialysis treatment\n8. Serum liver enzymes (GOT, GPT) above twice the upper limit of normal. Obvious signs or symptoms of liver disease, acute or chronic hepatitis.\n9. Chronic constipation (stool habit ≥ 7 days)\n10. Pregnancy or breastfeeding\n11. Chronic anti-inflammatory treatment with steroidal drugs (during the previous 3 months).\n12. Symptoms and / or clinical signs of infection in the previous month.\n13. Antibiotic, antifungal or antiviral treatment active in the previous 3 months.\n14. Treatment with glucocorticoids chronic or during the 2 months prior to inclusion in the study.\n15. Treatment with a weight loss product during the previous two months.\n16. Immunosuppressant treatment.\n17. Excessive alcohol consumption (alcohol intake greater than 40 g per day (women) or 80 g / day (men)) either acute or chronic, or drug use. History of drug or alcohol abuse.\n18. Patients with severe eating disorders\n19. History of alterations in iron balance (known chronic hemoglobinopathies or anemia, genetic hemochromatosis, hemosiderosis from any cause, atransferrinemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria).\n20. Important psychiatric history.\n21. Participation in any other study.\n22. People whose freedom is under legal or administrative requirement."}, 'identificationModule': {'nctId': 'NCT04841668', 'acronym': 'SmartAge', 'briefTitle': 'Gut-Brain-axis: Targets for Improvement of Cognition in the Elderly', 'organization': {'class': 'OTHER', 'fullName': "Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta"}, 'officialTitle': 'Gut-Brain-axis: Targets for Improvement of Cognition in the Elderly', 'orgStudyIdInfo': {'id': 'SMARTAGE-2020.133'}}, 'armsInterventionsModule': {'armGroups': [{'label': 'Patients with recently diagnosed T2DM', 'description': 'This group will consist of 36 recently diagnosed T2DM, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) patients (last 6 months), who have not received treatment with metformin.', 'interventionNames': ['Drug: Metformin']}, {'label': 'Patients with long-term T2DM', 'description': 'The group will consist of 100 patients with long-term T2DM, according to the WHO classification, regardless of whether they take metformin or another treatment.'}], 'interventions': [{'name': 'Metformin', 'type': 'DRUG', 'description': 'Patients will begin treatment with metformin administered orally at a starting dose of 425 mg / day every 12 hours for the first 15 days and then continue with a dose of 850 mg / day until the end of the study. The beginning of this treatment phase will be following the recommendations of the clinical guidelines (Comprehensive Approach to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, SEEN V2019.2)', 'armGroupLabels': ['Patients with recently diagnosed T2DM']}]}, 'contactsLocationsModule': {'locations': [{'zip': '17007', 'city': 'Girona', 'state': 'Girona', 'status': 'RECRUITING', 'country': 'Spain', 'contacts': [{'name': 'Yenny Leal, Ph.D.', 'role': 'CONTACT', 'email': 'yleal@idibgi.org', 'phone': '0034 972940200', 'phoneExt': '2325'}, {'name': 'José M. Fernández-Real, M.D., Ph.D.', 'role': 'PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR'}], 'facility': "Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI)", 'geoPoint': {'lat': 41.98311, 'lon': 2.82493}}], 'centralContacts': [{'name': 'José M. Fernández-Real, Ph.D.', 'role': 'CONTACT', 'email': 'jmfreal@idibgi.org', 'phone': '+34 972 94 02 00', 'phoneExt': '2325'}, {'name': 'Marisel Rosell Díaz, M.D.', 'role': 'CONTACT', 'email': 'mrosell@idibgi.org', 'phone': '+34 972 94 02 00', 'phoneExt': '2325'}], 'overallOfficials': [{'name': 'José M Fernández-Real, Ph.D.', 'role': 'PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR', 'affiliation': "Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI)"}]}, 'sponsorCollaboratorsModule': {'leadSponsor': {'name': "Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta", 'class': 'OTHER'}, 'responsibleParty': {'type': 'PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR', 'investigatorTitle': 'Principal investigator, clinical professor, section chief of Endocrinology and Nutrition Department of Josep Trueta University Hospital', 'investigatorFullName': 'José Manuel Fernández-Real', 'investigatorAffiliation': "Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta"}}}}