Ignite Creation Date:
2026-03-26 @ 3:17 PM
Ignite Modification Date:
2026-03-30 @ 9:28 PM
Study NCT ID:
NCT07308756
Status:
NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Last Update Posted:
2026-01-02
First Post:
2025-12-15
Is NOT Gene Therapy:
True
Has Adverse Events:
False
Brief Title:
Impact of Perioperative Dexmedetomidine and Esketamine on Postoperative Quality of Recovery
Sponsor:
Organization:
Raw JSON
{'hasResults': False, 'derivedSection': {'miscInfoModule': {'versionHolder': '2026-03-25'}, 'interventionBrowseModule': {'meshes': [{'id': 'D020927', 'term': 'Dexmedetomidine'}, {'id': 'C000629870', 'term': 'Esketamine'}], 'ancestors': [{'id': 'D007093', 'term': 'Imidazoles'}, {'id': 'D001393', 'term': 'Azoles'}, {'id': 'D006573', 'term': 'Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring'}, {'id': 'D006571', 'term': 'Heterocyclic Compounds'}]}}, 'protocolSection': {'designModule': {'phases': ['PHASE4'], 'studyType': 'INTERVENTIONAL', 'designInfo': {'allocation': 'RANDOMIZED', 'maskingInfo': {'masking': 'QUADRUPLE', 'whoMasked': ['PARTICIPANT', 'CARE_PROVIDER', 'INVESTIGATOR', 'OUTCOMES_ASSESSOR']}, 'primaryPurpose': 'PREVENTION', 'interventionModel': 'FACTORIAL'}, 'enrollmentInfo': {'type': 'ESTIMATED', 'count': 316}}, 'statusModule': {'overallStatus': 'NOT_YET_RECRUITING', 'startDateStruct': {'date': '2025-12', 'type': 'ESTIMATED'}, 'expandedAccessInfo': {'hasExpandedAccess': False}, 'statusVerifiedDate': '2025-12', 'completionDateStruct': {'date': '2026-04', 'type': 'ESTIMATED'}, 'lastUpdateSubmitDate': '2025-12-29', 'studyFirstSubmitDate': '2025-12-15', 'studyFirstSubmitQcDate': '2025-12-17', 'lastUpdatePostDateStruct': {'date': '2026-01-02', 'type': 'ACTUAL'}, 'studyFirstPostDateStruct': {'date': '2025-12-30', 'type': 'ACTUAL'}, 'primaryCompletionDateStruct': {'date': '2026-03', 'type': 'ESTIMATED'}}, 'outcomesModule': {'otherOutcomes': [{'measure': 'Area under curve of pain intensity after surgery', 'timeFrame': 'Up to 4 days after surgery', 'description': 'Pain intensity will be assessed at 1 hour and then twice daily (8:00-10:00 and 18:00-20:00) after surgery using the numeric rating scale (an 11-point scale where 0=no pain and 10=the worst pain).'}, {'measure': 'Cumulative subjective sleep quality score after surgery', 'timeFrame': 'Up to 4 days after surgery', 'description': 'Subjective sleep quality will be assessed once daily (8:00-10:00) after surgery using the numeric rating scale (an 11-point scale where 0=the best sleep and 10=the worst sleep).'}, {'measure': 'Length of hospital stay after surgery', 'timeFrame': 'Up to 30 days after surgery', 'description': 'Length of hospital stay after surgery.'}, {'measure': 'Incidence of postoperative complications within 30 days', 'timeFrame': 'Up to 30 days after surgery', 'description': 'Postoperative complications are generally defined as new-onset medical conditions that are deemed harmful and required therapeutic intervention, i.e., grade 2 or higher on the Clavien-Dindo classification.'}, {'measure': 'All-cause 30-day mortality', 'timeFrame': 'Up to 30 days after surgery', 'description': 'All-cause 30-day mortality'}, {'measure': 'Incidence of delayed neurocognitive recovery at 30 days', 'timeFrame': 'At 30 days after surgery', 'description': 'Cognitive function will be assessed with the telephone-administered Montreal Cognitive Assessment (T-MoCA) at baseline and at 30 days after surgery. A decline of T-MoCA score of 1 standard deviation (SD) or more from baseline is defined as delayed neurocognitive recovery.'}], 'primaryOutcomes': [{'measure': 'Quality of recovery-15 (QoR-15) score', 'timeFrame': 'At 24 hours after surgery', 'description': 'A 15-item scale that evaluate quality of recovery in five dimensions: pain, physiological comfort, physiological independence, psychological support, and emotional state. Scores range from 0 to 150 , with higher scores indicating better recovery quality.'}], 'secondaryOutcomes': [{'measure': 'Quality of recovery-15 (QoR-15) score', 'timeFrame': 'At 72 hours after surgery', 'description': 'QoR is a 15-item scale that evaluate quality of recovery in five dimensions: pain, physiological comfort, physiological independence, psychological support, and emotional state. Scores range from 0 to 150 , with higher scores indicating better recovery quality.'}, {'measure': 'Postoperative delirium (POD) within 4 days', 'timeFrame': 'Up to 4 days after surgery', 'description': 'Delirium will be assessed twice daily (8:00-10:00 and 18:00-20:00) using the 3-minute diagnostic interview for confusion assessment method-defined delirium (3D-CAM) or the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU).'}, {'measure': 'Incidence of delayed neurocognitive recovery at 5 days', 'timeFrame': 'Up to 5 days after surgery', 'description': 'Cognitive function will be assessed with the telephone-administered Montreal Cognitive Assessment (T-MoCA) at baseline and at 5 days or before hospital discharge after surgery. A decline of T-MoCA score of 1 standard deviation (SD) or more from baseline is defined as delayed neurocognitive recovery.'}]}, 'oversightModule': {'oversightHasDmc': True, 'isFdaRegulatedDrug': False, 'isFdaRegulatedDevice': False}, 'conditionsModule': {'keywords': ['General anesthesia', 'Surgery', 'Dexmedetomidine', 'Esketamine', 'Quality of recovery'], 'conditions': ['General Anesthesia', 'Surgery', 'Dexmedetomidine', 'Esketamine', 'Quality of Recovery']}, 'referencesModule': {'references': [{'pmid': '37302963', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Zhang Y, Cui F, Ma JH, Wang DX. Mini-dose esketamine-dexmedetomidine combination to supplement analgesia for patients after scoliosis correction surgery: a double-blind randomised trial. Br J Anaesth. 2023 Aug;131(2):385-396. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.05.001. Epub 2023 Jun 9.'}, {'pmid': '36670198', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Guo J, Qiu D, Gu HW, Wang XM, Hashimoto K, Zhang GF, Yang JJ. Efficacy and safety of perioperative application of ketamine on postoperative depression: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Mol Psychiatry. 2023 Jun;28(6):2266-2276. doi: 10.1038/s41380-023-01945-z. Epub 2023 Jan 20.'}, {'pmid': '37535771', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Xie M, Liang Y, Deng Y, Li T. Effect of S-ketamine on Postoperative Pain in Adults Post-Abdominal Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Pain Physician. 2023 Jul;26(4):327-335.'}, {'pmid': '38808490', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Wang S, Deng CM, Zeng Y, Chen XZ, Li AY, Feng SW, Xu LL, Chen L, Yuan HM, Hu H, Yang T, Han T, Zhang HY, Jiang M, Sun XY, Guo HN, Sessler DI, Wang DX. Efficacy of a single low dose of esketamine after childbirth for mothers with symptoms of prenatal depression: randomised clinical trial. BMJ. 2024 Apr 10;385:e078218. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2023-078218.'}, {'pmid': '11936706', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Persson J, Hasselstrom J, Maurset A, Oye I, Svensson JO, Almqvist O, Scheinin H, Gustafsson LL, Almqvist O. Pharmacokinetics and non-analgesic effects of S- and R-ketamines in healthy volunteers with normal and reduced metabolic capacity. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Feb;57(12):869-75. doi: 10.1007/s002280100353.'}, {'pmid': '23893490', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Segmiller F, Ruther T, Linhardt A, Padberg F, Berger M, Pogarell O, Moller HJ, Kohler C, Schule C. Repeated S-ketamine infusions in therapy resistant depression: a case series. J Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Sep;53(9):996-8. doi: 10.1002/jcph.122. Epub 2013 Jul 24. No abstract available.'}, {'pmid': '32015715', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Canuso CM, Singh JB, Fedgchin M, Alphs L, Lane R, Lim P, Pinter C, Hough D, Sanacora G, Manji H, Drevets WC. Efficacy and Safety of Intranasal Esketamine for the Rapid Reduction of Symptoms of Depression and Suicidality in Patients at Imminent Risk for Suicide: Results of a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2019 Jan;17(1):55-65. doi: 10.1176/appi.focus.17105. Epub 2019 Jan 7.'}, {'pmid': '29736744', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Molero P, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Martin-Santos R, Calvo-Sanchez E, Gutierrez-Rojas L, Meana JJ. Antidepressant Efficacy and Tolerability of Ketamine and Esketamine: A Critical Review. CNS Drugs. 2018 May;32(5):411-420. doi: 10.1007/s40263-018-0519-3.'}, {'pmid': '30041987', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Bartova L, Papageorgiou K, Milenkovic I, Dold M, Weidenauer A, Willeit M, Winkler D, Kasper S. Rapid antidepressant effect of S-ketamine in schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2018 Aug;28(8):980-982. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.05.007. Epub 2018 Jul 2.'}, {'pmid': '36244360', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Smith-Apeldoorn SY, Veraart JK, Spijker J, Kamphuis J, Schoevers RA. Maintenance ketamine treatment for depression: a systematic review of efficacy, safety, and tolerability. Lancet Psychiatry. 2022 Nov;9(11):907-921. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(22)00317-0.'}, {'pmid': '37853123', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Ma S, Chen M, Jiang Y, Xiang X, Wang S, Wu Z, Li S, Cui Y, Wang J, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Ma H, Duan S, Li H, Yang Y, Lingle CJ, Hu H. Sustained antidepressant effect of ketamine through NMDAR trapping in the LHb. Nature. 2023 Oct;622(7984):802-809. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06624-1. Epub 2023 Oct 18.'}, {'pmid': '30570761', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Brinck EC, Tiippana E, Heesen M, Bell RF, Straube S, Moore RA, Kontinen V. Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Dec 20;12(12):CD012033. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012033.pub4.'}, {'pmid': '23706726', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Schnabel A, Meyer-Friessem CH, Reichl SU, Zahn PK, Pogatzki-Zahn EM. Is intraoperative dexmedetomidine a new option for postoperative pain treatment? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain. 2013 Jul;154(7):1140-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.03.029. Epub 2013 Mar 27.'}, {'pmid': '27571256', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Wu XH, Cui F, Zhang C, Meng ZT, Wang DX, Ma J, Wang GF, Zhu SN, Ma D. Low-dose Dexmedetomidine Improves Sleep Quality Pattern in Elderly Patients after Noncardiac Surgery in the Intensive Care Unit: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesiology. 2016 Nov;125(5):979-991. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001325.'}, {'pmid': '28591048', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Lu W, Fu Q, Luo X, Fu S, Hu K. Effects of dexmedetomidine on sleep quality of patients after surgery without mechanical ventilation in ICU. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Jun;96(23):e7081. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000007081.'}, {'pmid': '18005372', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Huupponen E, Maksimow A, Lapinlampi P, Sarkela M, Saastamoinen A, Snapir A, Scheinin H, Scheinin M, Merilainen P, Himanen SL, Jaaskelainen S. Electroencephalogram spindle activity during dexmedetomidine sedation and physiological sleep. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2008 Feb;52(2):289-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2007.01537.x. Epub 2007 Nov 14.'}, {'pmid': '34030806', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Tasbihgou SR, Barends CRM, Absalom AR. The role of dexmedetomidine in neurosurgery. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2021 Jul;35(2):221-229. doi: 10.1016/j.bpa.2020.10.002. Epub 2020 Oct 14.'}, {'pmid': '23719785', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Mo Y, Zimmermann AE. Role of dexmedetomidine for the prevention and treatment of delirium in intensive care unit patients. Ann Pharmacother. 2013 Jun;47(6):869-76. doi: 10.1345/aph.1AR708.'}, {'pmid': '37301699', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Xu M, Zhang G, Tang Y, Wang R, Yang J. Impact of Regional Anesthesia on Subjective Quality of Recovery in Patients Undergoing Thoracic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2023 Sep;37(9):1744-1750. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2023.05.003. Epub 2023 May 5.'}, {'pmid': '33881579', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Joe YE, Kang CM, Lee HM, Kim KJ, Hwang HK, Lee JR. Quality of Recovery of Patients Who Underwent Curative Pancreatectomy: Comparison of Total Intravenous Anesthesia Versus Inhalation Anesthesia Using the QOR-40 Questionnaire. World J Surg. 2021 Aug;45(8):2581-2590. doi: 10.1007/s00268-021-06117-0. Epub 2021 Apr 21.'}, {'pmid': '35882724', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Hung KC, Ko CC, Hsu CW, Pang YL, Chen JY, Sun CK. Association of peripheral nerve blocks with patient-reported quality of recovery in female patients receiving breast cancer surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Can J Anaesth. 2022 Oct;69(10):1288-1299. doi: 10.1007/s12630-022-02295-0. Epub 2022 Jul 26.'}, {'pmid': '34547603', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Hung KC, Chu CC, Hsing CH, Chang YP, Li YY, Liu WC, Chen IW, Chen JY, Sun CK. Association between perioperative intravenous lidocaine and subjective quality of recovery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Anesth. 2021 Dec;75:110521. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2021.110521. Epub 2021 Sep 20.'}, {'pmid': '31903575', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Nilsson U, Gruen R, Myles PS. Postoperative recovery: the importance of the team. Anaesthesia. 2020 Jan;75 Suppl 1:e158-e164. doi: 10.1111/anae.14869.'}, {'pmid': '35033845', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Campfort M, Cayla C, Lasocki S, Rineau E, Leger M. Early quality of recovery according to QoR-15 score is associated with one-month postoperative complications after elective surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2022 Jun;78:110638. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2021.110638. Epub 2022 Jan 13.'}, {'pmid': '25689757', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Shulman MA, Myles PS, Chan MT, McIlroy DR, Wallace S, Ponsford J. Measurement of disability-free survival after surgery. Anesthesiology. 2015 Mar;122(3):524-36. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000586.'}, {'pmid': '26194260', 'type': 'BACKGROUND', 'citation': 'Tahiri M, Sikder T, Maimon G, Teasdale D, Hamadani F, Sourial N, Feldman LS, Guralnick J, Fraser SA, Demyttenaere S, Bergman S. The impact of postoperative complications on the recovery of elderly surgical patients. Surg Endosc. 2016 May;30(5):1762-70. doi: 10.1007/s00464-015-4440-2. Epub 2015 Jul 21.'}]}, 'descriptionModule': {'briefSummary': 'For patients after surgery, quality of recovery has significant impacts on the prognosis, quality of life, and rational allocation of medical resources. Dexmedetomidine and esketamine have each been used during the perioperative period and improved postoperative analgesia and subjective sleep quality. This 2x2 factorial trial is designed to explore the effects of dexmedetomidine, esketamine, and their combination on the quality of recovery in patients recovering from surgery under general anesthesia.', 'detailedDescription': 'Surgical operation is an important therapeutic modality for surgical patients; quality of postoperative recovery has significant impacts on the prognosis, quality of life, and rational allocation of medical resources. Postoperative recovery is a complex process involving return of patients from surgery to baseline physiological and psychological status. Traditional indicators evaluating postoperative recovery mainly focus on physiological markers, length of hospital stay (LOS), and incidences of adverse events and complications. Recently, the quality of recovery (QoR) is increasingly used. QoR is subjectively reported by patients and includes multidimensional assessments on postoperative pain, cognitive function, sleep quality, and emotional stability.\n\nDexmedetomidine, a highly selective α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, has anxiolytic, sedative, and analgesic effects. By activing α2-adrenergic receptors in the locus coeruleus, it activates the endogenous sleep pathways, and produce a state mimicking non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Clinical studies showed that perioperative use of low-dose dexmedetomidine improves sleep architecture, increases sleep efficiency, and prolongs total sleep time in non-mechanically ventilated patients. Furthermore, when used as an analgesic adjuvant, dexmedetomidine improves analgesia, reduces opioid consumption, and reduces opioid-related adverse events.\n\nKetamine, a non-competitive N-Methyl-D-aspartic (NMDA) receptor antagonist, exerts analgesic and anti-hyperalgesic effects by reducing transmission of noxious stimuli to the spinal cord. It is characterized by minimal respiratory and circulatory depression and excellent analgesic efficacy. In recent years, multiple studies confirmed that ketamine has antidepressant properties. Ketamine is a racemic mixture composed of S-ketamine (esketamine) and R-ketamine. Esketamine exhibits a stronger affinity for the NMDA receptor, with an effect approximately twice that of racemic ketamine. In clinical practice, esketamine has stronger analgesic effects and a lower incidence of adverse psychomimetic reactions. When used in combination with opioids, esketamine improved postoperative analgesia.\n\nPrevious studies showed that combined use of dexmedetomidine and esketamine might produce synergetic effects in improving sedation and analgesia. A recent trial found that low-dose dexmedetomidine-esketamine combination improved pain relief and subjective sleep quality in patients after scoliosis corrective surgery, without increasing side effects. It is therefore hypothesized that co-administration of dexmedetomidine and esketamine may enhance efficacy and optimize the quality of postoperative recovery. This 2x2 factorial trial is designed to explore the effects of dexmedetomidine, esketamine, and their combination on the quality of recovery in patients recovering from surgery under general anesthesia.'}, 'eligibilityModule': {'sex': 'ALL', 'stdAges': ['ADULT', 'OLDER_ADULT'], 'minimumAge': '18 Years', 'healthyVolunteers': False, 'eligibilityCriteria': "Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Aged 18 years or over;\n* Scheduled to undergo surgery under general anesthesia, with an expected surgical duration of at least 1 hour;\n* Required patient-controlled intravenous analgesia after surgery.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Unable to communicate preoperatively due to visual, auditory, or verbal barriers or other reasons;\n* Severe bradycardia (heart rate \\<50 bpm), sick sinus syndrome, or grade 2 or higher atrioventricular block without pacemaker;\n* History of hyperthyroidism or pheochromocytoma;\n* History of schizophrenia, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, myasthenia gravis, or intracranial hypertension;\n* Intracranial tumor or neurosurgery;\n* Severe liver dysfunction (Child-Pugh class C), renal failure (requiring renal replacement therapy), or American Society of Anesthesiologists class IV or higher;\n* Enrolled in other clinical studies."}, 'identificationModule': {'nctId': 'NCT07308756', 'briefTitle': 'Impact of Perioperative Dexmedetomidine and Esketamine on Postoperative Quality of Recovery', 'organization': {'class': 'OTHER', 'fullName': 'Peking University First Hospital'}, 'officialTitle': 'Impact of Perioperative Dexmedetomidine and Esketamine on Postoperative Quality of Recovery in Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia and Surgery: A 2×2 Factorial Randomized Trial', 'orgStudyIdInfo': {'id': '2025-0455'}}, 'armsInterventionsModule': {'armGroups': [{'type': 'EXPERIMENTAL', 'label': 'Dexmedetomidine', 'description': 'A loading dose of dexmedetomidine (0.2 ug/kg) is administered after anesthesia induction, followed by a continuous infusion of dexmedetomidineat a rate of 0.2 ug/kg/h until 30 minutes before the end of surgery.\n\nSelf-controlled analgesia is established with dexmedetomidine 100 ug and sufentanil 100 ug, diluated with normal saline to 100 ml, and programmed to deliver 2-ml boluses with a lock-out interval of 10 minutes and a background infusion rate at 1 ml/h for a duration of 48 hours.', 'interventionNames': ['Drug: Dexmedetomidine']}, {'type': 'EXPERIMENTAL', 'label': 'Esketamine', 'description': 'A loading dose of esketamine (0.1 mg/kg) is administered after anesthesia induction, followed by a continuous infusion of esketamineat a rate of 0.1 mg/kg/h until 30 minutes before the end of surgery.\n\nSelf-controlled analgesia is established with esketamine 50 mg and sufentanil 100 ug, diluated with normal saline to 100 ml, and programmed to deliver 2-ml boluses with a lock-out interval of 10 minutes and a background infusion rate at 1 ml/h for a duration of 48 hours.', 'interventionNames': ['Drug: Esketamine']}, {'type': 'EXPERIMENTAL', 'label': 'Dexmedetomidine-esketamine', 'description': 'A loading dose of dexmedetomidine (0.2 ug/kg) and esketamine (0.1 mg/kg) is administered after anesthesia induction, followed by a continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine at a rate of 0.2 ug/kg/h and esketamine at a rate of 0.1 mg/kg/h until 30 minutes before the end of surgery.\n\nSelf-controlled analgesia is established with dexmedetomidine 100 ug, esketamine 50 mg, and sufentanil 100 ug, diluated with normal saline to 100 ml, and programmed to deliver 2-ml boluses with a lock-out interval of 10 minutes and a background infusion rate at 1 ml/h for a duration of 48 hours.', 'interventionNames': ['Drug: Dexmedetomidine-esketamine']}, {'type': 'PLACEBO_COMPARATOR', 'label': 'Control', 'description': 'A loading dose of placebo (normal saline) is administered after anesthesia induction, followed by a continuous infusion of placebo at a rate same as above until 30 minutes before the end of surgery.\n\nSelf-controlled analgesia is established with sufentanil 100 ug, diluated with normal saline to 100 ml, and programmed to deliver 2-ml boluses with a lock-out interval of 10 minutes and a background infusion rate at 1 ml/h for a duration of 48 hours.', 'interventionNames': ['Drug: Placebo']}], 'interventions': [{'name': 'Dexmedetomidine', 'type': 'DRUG', 'description': 'A loading dose of dexmedetomidine (0.2 ug/kg) is administered after anesthesia induction, followed by a continuous infusion of dexmedetomidineat a rate of 0.2 ug/kg/h until 30 minutes before the end of surgery.\n\nSelf-controlled analgesia is established with dexmedetomidine 100 ug and sufentanil 100 ug, diluated with normal saline to 100 ml, and programmed to deliver 2-ml boluses with a lock-out interval of 10 minutes and a background infusion rate at 1 ml/h for a duration of 48 hours.', 'armGroupLabels': ['Dexmedetomidine']}, {'name': 'Esketamine', 'type': 'DRUG', 'description': 'A loading dose of esketamine (0.1 mg/kg) is administered after anesthesia induction, followed by a continuous infusion of esketamineat a rate of 0.1 mg/kg/h until 30 minutes before the end of surgery.\n\nSelf-controlled analgesia is established with esketamine 50 mg and sufentanil 100 ug, diluated with normal saline to 100 ml, and programmed to deliver 2-ml boluses with a lock-out interval of 10 minutes and a background infusion rate at 1 ml/h for a duration of 48 hours.', 'armGroupLabels': ['Esketamine']}, {'name': 'Dexmedetomidine-esketamine', 'type': 'DRUG', 'description': 'A loading dose of dexmedetomidine (0.2 ug/kg) and esketamine (0.1 mg/kg) is administered after anesthesia induction, followed by a continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine at a rate of 0.2 ug/kg/h and esketamine at a rate of 0.1 mg/kg/h until 30 minutes before the end of surgery.\n\nSelf-controlled analgesia is established with dexmedetomidine 100 ug, esketamine 50 mg, and sufentanil 100 ug, diluated with normal saline to 100 ml, and programmed to deliver 2-ml boluses with a lock-out interval of 10 minutes and a background infusion rate at 1 ml/h for a duration of 48 hours.', 'armGroupLabels': ['Dexmedetomidine-esketamine']}, {'name': 'Placebo', 'type': 'DRUG', 'description': 'A loading dose of placebo (normal saline) is administered after anesthesia induction, followed by a continuous infusion of placebo at a rate same as above until 30 minutes before the end of surgery.\n\nSelf-controlled analgesia is established with sufentanil 100 ug, diluated with normal saline to 100 ml, and programmed to deliver 2-ml boluses with a lock-out interval of 10 minutes and a background infusion rate at 1 ml/h for a duration of 48 hours.', 'armGroupLabels': ['Control']}]}, 'contactsLocationsModule': {'locations': [{'zip': '100034', 'city': 'Beijing', 'state': 'Beijing Municipality', 'country': 'China', 'contacts': [{'name': 'Dong-Xin Wang, MD, PhD', 'role': 'CONTACT', 'email': 'wangdongxin@hotmail.com', 'phone': '8610 83572784'}, {'name': 'Kun Wang, MD', 'role': 'CONTACT', 'email': 'wk2021@bjmu.edu.cn'}], 'facility': 'Peking University First Hospital', 'geoPoint': {'lat': 39.9075, 'lon': 116.39723}}], 'centralContacts': [{'name': 'Dong-Xin Wang, MD, PhD', 'role': 'CONTACT', 'email': 'wangdongxin@hotmail.com', 'phone': '8610 83572784'}, {'name': 'Kun Wang, MD', 'role': 'CONTACT', 'email': 'wk2021@bjmu.edu.cn'}], 'overallOfficials': [{'name': 'Dong-Xin Wang, MD, PhD', 'role': 'PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR', 'affiliation': 'Peking University First Hospital'}]}, 'ipdSharingStatementModule': {'ipdSharing': 'NO'}, 'sponsorCollaboratorsModule': {'leadSponsor': {'name': 'Peking University First Hospital', 'class': 'OTHER'}, 'responsibleParty': {'type': 'PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR', 'investigatorTitle': 'Professor and Chairman, Department of Anaesthesiology', 'investigatorFullName': 'Dong-Xin Wang', 'investigatorAffiliation': 'Peking University First Hospital'}}}}