Ignite Creation Date:
2024-05-19 @ 5:33 PM
Last Modification Date:
2024-10-26 @ 3:29 PM
Study NCT ID:
NCT06416917
Status:
RECRUITING
Last Update Posted:
2024-05-16
First Post:
2024-05-12
Brief Title:
Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit Among Professional Athletes
Sponsor:
Cairo University
Organization:
Cairo University
Study Overview
Official Title:
Prevalence of Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit Among Selected Professional Athletes
Status:
RECRUITING
Status Verified Date:
2024-05
Last Known Status:
None
Delayed Posting:
No
If Stopped, Why?:
Not Stopped
Has Expanded Access:
False
If Expanded Access, NCT#:
N/A
Has Expanded Access, NCT# Status:
N/A
Acronym:
None
Brief Summary:
The study aimed to identify the prevalence of GIRD among elite Egyptian volleyball players in selected clubs in Egypt
Detailed Description:
Volleyball is a highly technical sport that involves powerful overhead movements performed repetitively The volleyball attack spike is a complex overhead movement that professional players perform up to 40000 times a year Kugler 1996 It consists of four phases windup cocking acceleration and deceleration follow-through The windup phase is the arm is elevated to a position that is more than 90 from the anatomical position and the shoulder is slightly horizontally abducted The cocking phase is abduction and external rotation ER reach their maximum levels The acceleration phase is the shoulder rapidly internally rotates and adducts the arm up to the point where the hand strikes the ball shoulder abducted at 140-170 in neutral rotation The deceleration follow-through phase extend from ball impact until the arm finally stops on the side of the trunk Seminati et al 2015
The shoulder complex has the widest multi-planar range of motion ROM it is a frequently injured body part in volleyball 12-18 mainly due to overuse mechanisms Agel et al 2007 Clarsen et al 2015 Cuñado-González et al 2019 Shoulder injuries are the third-most common volleyball injury Reeser et al 2010 According to reports between 15- 23 of volleyball players experience shoulder pain or injuries during a season Clarsen et al 2015 Cuñado-González et al 2019 Forthomme et al 2013 As a result shoulder injuries are the most common reason for missing volleyball matches and practices Hao et al 2019
Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit GIRD is an adaptive process in which the throwing shoulder has a loss of internal rotation IR ROM Rose Noonan 2018 The anatomical GIRD is a typical response in overhead athletes with a lowered IR of about 18 to 20⁰ and symmetry in the total rotation motion TRM while Pathologic GIRD was identified in athletes with an IR deficit greater than 18⁰ and a TRM difference of more than 5⁰ between the shoulders Not all cases of GIRD are indicative of pathology Manske et al 2013
It has been reported that GIRD can be seen in athletes who play softball tennis handball football baseball and even javelin throwers Mlynarek Lee 2017 Most of the studies are involved in baseball players while volleyball and other overhead sports are known to have different throwing kinematics Reeser et al 2010 It has been shown that asymptomatic overhead athletes have GIRD at 10-15 whereas symptomatic overhead athletes have GIRD at 19-25 Kaplan et al 2011 Myers et al 2006 Trakis et al 2008 A higher degree of GIRD was found in the pain group than the no-pain group on symptomatic and asymptomatic handball and tennis players Almeida et al 2013 Moreno-Pérez et al 2015 However Lubiatowski et al 2018 found only eleven out of eighty-seven handball players exhibited GIRD although the author did not account for GIRD unless it reached 20-25 Ellenbecker et al 2002 have reported decreases of 5-10 ⁰ on average in the dominant arm TRM parameter in uninjured elite-level tennis players Regarding volleyball some authors found that few asymptomatic volleyball players displayed GIRD but unless a player had a GIRD of 18 they did not consider them to have GIRD Harput et al 2016 Saccol et al 2016
Mizoguchi et al 2022 studied 123 male and female of adolescent 15 to 17 years old volleyball players in Japan and found 382 had GIRD and decreased TRM in their shoulders The GIRD group had an intrinsic external rotation deficiency ERD that was unrelated to sex body composition a history of shoulder injuries years of volleyball experience practice time or court position There were sex-specific differences in shoulder ROM especially in the external rotation ER and IR ROM with males being hypomobile and females being hypermobile These results find agreement with Harput et al 2016 who found that 385 of adolescent volleyball players had GIRD with decreased TRM Reeser et al 2010 discovered a significant GIRD 89 a non-significant presence of external rotation gain ERG 2 and no change in TRM It was reported in literature that There is still much to learn about the connection between volleyball players shoulder pain and GIRD so more research is required Schmalzl et al 2022 Harput et al 2016
It was found that GIRD is often present in adult volleyball players Schmalzl et al 2022 but this may not be related to shoulder pain or injury but imbalances in muscle strength around the shoulder can affect pain or injury challoumas et al 2017 The offensive players of volleyball players have a GIRD of 10 ⁰ and a lower TRM are linked to a higher prevalence of posterior-superior impingement Schmalzl et al 2022
Alqarni et al 2022 showed that GIRD was present in pain group and no pain group The pain group exhibited higher degrees of GIRD 1565 than the no pain group 906 The results also revealed that the pain group exhibited a higher difference in TRM 1617 than the no pain group 1017
Players of volleyball may have changes in glenohumeral GH joint mobility and flexibility as a result of their sport-related activities Harput et al 2016 Keller et al 2018 Wilk et al 2011 Burkhart et al 2003 They commonly perform spiking and serving Reeser et al 2010 which causes the shoulder joint to modify its bony and soft tissue structures This results in 8-20 of all volleyball players injuries Reeser et al 2010 Deceleration might result in repeated microtrauma as a consequence of the alteration in shoulder biomechanics during throwing exercises This adaptation is essential for performance yet it can also be a risk factor for injuries leading to questions about how much of this deficit can be tolerated before clinical intervention is required Whiteley Oceguera 2016
In summary GIRD is a common condition in volleyball players It is not always associated with pain or injury but it can be a risk factor for posterior-superior impingement Up to author knowledge there is no published study regarding the prevalence of GIRD among professional Egyptian volleyball players
The shoulder complex has the widest multi-planar range of motion ROM it is a frequently injured body part in volleyball 12-18 mainly due to overuse mechanisms Agel et al 2007 Clarsen et al 2015 Cuñado-González et al 2019 Shoulder injuries are the third-most common volleyball injury Reeser et al 2010 According to reports between 15- 23 of volleyball players experience shoulder pain or injuries during a season Clarsen et al 2015 Cuñado-González et al 2019 Forthomme et al 2013 As a result shoulder injuries are the most common reason for missing volleyball matches and practices Hao et al 2019
Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit GIRD is an adaptive process in which the throwing shoulder has a loss of internal rotation IR ROM Rose Noonan 2018 The anatomical GIRD is a typical response in overhead athletes with a lowered IR of about 18 to 20⁰ and symmetry in the total rotation motion TRM while Pathologic GIRD was identified in athletes with an IR deficit greater than 18⁰ and a TRM difference of more than 5⁰ between the shoulders Not all cases of GIRD are indicative of pathology Manske et al 2013
It has been reported that GIRD can be seen in athletes who play softball tennis handball football baseball and even javelin throwers Mlynarek Lee 2017 Most of the studies are involved in baseball players while volleyball and other overhead sports are known to have different throwing kinematics Reeser et al 2010 It has been shown that asymptomatic overhead athletes have GIRD at 10-15 whereas symptomatic overhead athletes have GIRD at 19-25 Kaplan et al 2011 Myers et al 2006 Trakis et al 2008 A higher degree of GIRD was found in the pain group than the no-pain group on symptomatic and asymptomatic handball and tennis players Almeida et al 2013 Moreno-Pérez et al 2015 However Lubiatowski et al 2018 found only eleven out of eighty-seven handball players exhibited GIRD although the author did not account for GIRD unless it reached 20-25 Ellenbecker et al 2002 have reported decreases of 5-10 ⁰ on average in the dominant arm TRM parameter in uninjured elite-level tennis players Regarding volleyball some authors found that few asymptomatic volleyball players displayed GIRD but unless a player had a GIRD of 18 they did not consider them to have GIRD Harput et al 2016 Saccol et al 2016
Mizoguchi et al 2022 studied 123 male and female of adolescent 15 to 17 years old volleyball players in Japan and found 382 had GIRD and decreased TRM in their shoulders The GIRD group had an intrinsic external rotation deficiency ERD that was unrelated to sex body composition a history of shoulder injuries years of volleyball experience practice time or court position There were sex-specific differences in shoulder ROM especially in the external rotation ER and IR ROM with males being hypomobile and females being hypermobile These results find agreement with Harput et al 2016 who found that 385 of adolescent volleyball players had GIRD with decreased TRM Reeser et al 2010 discovered a significant GIRD 89 a non-significant presence of external rotation gain ERG 2 and no change in TRM It was reported in literature that There is still much to learn about the connection between volleyball players shoulder pain and GIRD so more research is required Schmalzl et al 2022 Harput et al 2016
It was found that GIRD is often present in adult volleyball players Schmalzl et al 2022 but this may not be related to shoulder pain or injury but imbalances in muscle strength around the shoulder can affect pain or injury challoumas et al 2017 The offensive players of volleyball players have a GIRD of 10 ⁰ and a lower TRM are linked to a higher prevalence of posterior-superior impingement Schmalzl et al 2022
Alqarni et al 2022 showed that GIRD was present in pain group and no pain group The pain group exhibited higher degrees of GIRD 1565 than the no pain group 906 The results also revealed that the pain group exhibited a higher difference in TRM 1617 than the no pain group 1017
Players of volleyball may have changes in glenohumeral GH joint mobility and flexibility as a result of their sport-related activities Harput et al 2016 Keller et al 2018 Wilk et al 2011 Burkhart et al 2003 They commonly perform spiking and serving Reeser et al 2010 which causes the shoulder joint to modify its bony and soft tissue structures This results in 8-20 of all volleyball players injuries Reeser et al 2010 Deceleration might result in repeated microtrauma as a consequence of the alteration in shoulder biomechanics during throwing exercises This adaptation is essential for performance yet it can also be a risk factor for injuries leading to questions about how much of this deficit can be tolerated before clinical intervention is required Whiteley Oceguera 2016
In summary GIRD is a common condition in volleyball players It is not always associated with pain or injury but it can be a risk factor for posterior-superior impingement Up to author knowledge there is no published study regarding the prevalence of GIRD among professional Egyptian volleyball players
Study Oversight
Has Oversight DMC:
None
Is a FDA Regulated Drug?:
False
Is a FDA Regulated Device?:
False
Is an Unapproved Device?:
None
Is a PPSD?:
None
Is a US Export?:
None
Is an FDA AA801 Violation?:
None