Ignite Creation Date:
2024-05-06 @ 9:22 AM
Last Modification Date:
2024-10-26 @ 12:13 PM
Study NCT ID:
NCT02961023
Status:
COMPLETED
Last Update Posted:
2019-08-20
First Post:
2016-11-08
Brief Title:
The Effect of Adding Exercise Training to Optimal Therapy in PAH
Sponsor:
National Health Service United Kingdom
Organization:
National Health Service United Kingdom
Study Overview
Official Title:
The Effect of Adding Exercise Training to Optimal Therapy in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Status:
COMPLETED
Status Verified Date:
2019-08
Last Known Status:
None
Delayed Posting:
No
If Stopped, Why?:
Not Stopped
Has Expanded Access:
False
If Expanded Access, NCT#:
N/A
Has Expanded Access, NCT# Status:
N/A
Acronym:
None
Brief Summary:
Exercise capacity EC is limited in pulmonary arterial hypertension PAH by impaired right ventricular RV function and inability to increase stroke volume SV Disease targeted therapy increases EC by improving SV Additional factors may contribute to exercise limitation
Peripheral and respiratory muscle dysfunction
Autonomic dysfunction
An altered profile of inflammation
Mitochondrial dysfunction
The enhancement of EC achieved pharmacologically may therefore be limited Exercise training in PAH improves EC and quality of life QOL The changes in physiology responsible for this improvement are not clear Patients with PAH stable on optimal oral therapy but not meeting treatment goals will be enrolled in a 30-week randomised exercise training program
One arm will undertake training for 15 weeks 3 weeks residential 12 outpatient the other will receive standard care for 15 weeks then 15 weeks training
Aims
1 Demonstrate that exercise training can enhance EC and QOL when added to optimal drug therapy a UK PAH population
2 Explore mechanisms of exercise limitation and factors that improve with training assessing
Cardiac function
Skeletal muscle function
Autonomic function
Respiratory muscle strength
Serum and muscle profile of inflammation
Primary outcomes 15 weeks
1 6 minute walk distance
2 QOL
3 RV ejection fraction
Peripheral and respiratory muscle dysfunction
Autonomic dysfunction
An altered profile of inflammation
Mitochondrial dysfunction
The enhancement of EC achieved pharmacologically may therefore be limited Exercise training in PAH improves EC and quality of life QOL The changes in physiology responsible for this improvement are not clear Patients with PAH stable on optimal oral therapy but not meeting treatment goals will be enrolled in a 30-week randomised exercise training program
One arm will undertake training for 15 weeks 3 weeks residential 12 outpatient the other will receive standard care for 15 weeks then 15 weeks training
Aims
1 Demonstrate that exercise training can enhance EC and QOL when added to optimal drug therapy a UK PAH population
2 Explore mechanisms of exercise limitation and factors that improve with training assessing
Cardiac function
Skeletal muscle function
Autonomic function
Respiratory muscle strength
Serum and muscle profile of inflammation
Primary outcomes 15 weeks
1 6 minute walk distance
2 QOL
3 RV ejection fraction
Detailed Description:
Pulmonary arterial hypertension PAH is characterised by increased pulmonary vascular resistance PVR and elevation of pulmonary artery pressure PAP at rest which rises markedly on exercise Traditionally exercise limitation had been attributed to impaired right ventricular RV function and an inability of the heart to increase stroke volume SV in response to exercise Disease targeted therapy improves SV by reducing PVR and therefore afterload with combination therapy being superior in this regard Despite advances in medical therapy most patients remain symptomatic on treatment The 2014 UK PAH national audit demonstrates a 65 failure rate of monotherapy at 2 years This lack of improvement in exercise tolerance suggests additional mechanisms other than poor SV are responsible for exercise limitation There is consequently a need for new treatment strategies to improve morbidity and mortality in PAH
Over the past decade it has been demonstrated that exercise training in PAH can improve exercise capacity and quality of life QOL Exercise training has been shown to result in more significant improvements in exercise capacity and QOL than the majority of pharmacological therapies with reassuring safety and health economics Currently exercise therapy is not part of standard care in the UK and many other European countries There are several unanswered questions that pose a barrier to its widespread implementation these fall into three main domains
A Relationship with drug therapy
The standard of PAH care is moving towards combination therapy In the previous studies assessing the effect of exercise therapy over half of patients have been on monotherapy No study has exclusively assessed the effect of exercise training in addition to optimal PAH therapy
B Health care setting
The strongest supporting evidence for exercise training as an effective therapy in PAH originates from a single centre in Germany where there are long established dedicated cardiopulmonary rehabilitation hospitals These facilities do not exist in many other countries including the UK It is unclear whether these results can be replicated outwith this robust rehabilitation infrastructure Data from other centres utilising existing less intensive outpatient rehabilitation programmes show less certain benefits
C Mechanistic information
Limited data exist to explain the beneficial effects of exercise training in PAH There are a number of pathophysiological and pathobiological processes in PAH that may impair the exercise response These factors have not been studied in relation to the effect of exercise training In order to best prescribe a PAH specific training programme it is essential that the underlying mechanisms of improved exercise capacity are fully understood this will dictate the content duration and intensity of exercise It is likely that it affects some or all of the factors listed below
1 Peripheral muscle structural and functional changes
In idiopathic PAH IPAH there is a reduction in peripheral skeletal muscle capillarisation oxidative enzyme capacity shift in type I to II fibres a higher potential for anaerobic capacity compared with aerobic capacity and reduced function and numbers of mitochondria Importantly these changes correlate with exercise capacity and are independent of the severity of pulmonary haemodynamics suggesting a mechanism other than the atrophying affect of low cardiac output
2 Autonomic dysfunction
A higher resting heart rate HR reduced heart rate recovery HRR reduced HR variability HRV and evidence of altered baroreceptor sensitivity BRS support autonomic dysfunction in PAH These findings are independent of haemodynamic severity but correlate with peak oxygen uptake VO2
3 Respiratory muscle strength
Inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength are reduced in IPAH independently of haemodynamic severity leading to a reduced ventilatory capacity Specific respiratory muscle training has been shown to be an important component in exercise training programmes
4 Direct myocardial effect
In animal models exercise training reduces RV hypertrophy and pulmonary artery remodelling suggesting a direct effect on the pulmonary vasculature and myocardium Exercise training in patients with stable PH on treatment improved cardiac index and reduced mPAP In rats with stable monocrotaline induced PAH exercise trained rats had increased capillary density in cardiomyocytes and improved exercise endurance compared with sedentary matched controls
5 Micro-RNAs miRs
Systemic angiogenic defects contribute to skeletal muscle microcirculation rarefaction and exercise intolerance independently of haemodynamic severity Reduction in the expression of pro-angiogenic miR-126 in the skeletal muscle of humans with PAH correlates with capillary density and peak VO2 and is significantly reduced compared with healthy controls In a PAH rat model miR126 down regulation reduces capillary density and this correlates with exercise capacity In health change in expression of miRs such as miR-20a correlate with changes in VO2 following exercise training
6 Cytokines
Inflammatory cytokines may contribute to proteolysis and damage contractile proteins involved in skeletal muscle function Cytokines such as interleukin IL-6 IL-8 IP-10 and monokine induced interferon-γ MIG are elevated in the serum of IPAH patients In chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension CTEPH IP-10 negatively correlates with cardiac index and 6mwd In left ventricular failure cytokines such as TNF-alpha reduce with exercise training and correlate with improved exercise capacity
Currently no PAH specific exercise rehabilitation programme exists in the UK A survey of patient willingness to participate in a program mirroring the successful protocol used in Germany was conducted at the Scottish National Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension 224 patients with PAH who matched the inclusion criteria of Grunig et al were contacted 43 97224 responded to the survey 619 6097 were interested in all components of the rehabilitation program A further 113 1197 were interested in outpatient rehabilitation only It is highly likely that such a program would be of benefit to the PAH population given the demand for it
Aims
1 Demonstrate that exercise training can enhance exercise capacity and QOL when undertaken in addition to optimal therapy in PAH in a UK setting
2 Determine the mechanisms of exercise limitation and the factors that improve with training assessing
i Cardiac function ii Peripheral muscle structure and function iii Autonomic function iv Respiratory muscle strength v Inflammatory cytokines and miRNA
Original hypothesis
1 Supervised exercise training in patients with stable PAH improves exercise capacity quality of life and right ventricular ejection fraction This change occurs through improved RV function enhanced skeletal and respiratory muscle strength and function and is associated with improvements in autonomic response
2 Exercise training affects the control mechanisms for skeletal muscle structure and function Improvements are due to changes in the inflammatory cytokine profile and in expression of miRs associated with angiogenesis myogenesis and inflammation
Over the past decade it has been demonstrated that exercise training in PAH can improve exercise capacity and quality of life QOL Exercise training has been shown to result in more significant improvements in exercise capacity and QOL than the majority of pharmacological therapies with reassuring safety and health economics Currently exercise therapy is not part of standard care in the UK and many other European countries There are several unanswered questions that pose a barrier to its widespread implementation these fall into three main domains
A Relationship with drug therapy
The standard of PAH care is moving towards combination therapy In the previous studies assessing the effect of exercise therapy over half of patients have been on monotherapy No study has exclusively assessed the effect of exercise training in addition to optimal PAH therapy
B Health care setting
The strongest supporting evidence for exercise training as an effective therapy in PAH originates from a single centre in Germany where there are long established dedicated cardiopulmonary rehabilitation hospitals These facilities do not exist in many other countries including the UK It is unclear whether these results can be replicated outwith this robust rehabilitation infrastructure Data from other centres utilising existing less intensive outpatient rehabilitation programmes show less certain benefits
C Mechanistic information
Limited data exist to explain the beneficial effects of exercise training in PAH There are a number of pathophysiological and pathobiological processes in PAH that may impair the exercise response These factors have not been studied in relation to the effect of exercise training In order to best prescribe a PAH specific training programme it is essential that the underlying mechanisms of improved exercise capacity are fully understood this will dictate the content duration and intensity of exercise It is likely that it affects some or all of the factors listed below
1 Peripheral muscle structural and functional changes
In idiopathic PAH IPAH there is a reduction in peripheral skeletal muscle capillarisation oxidative enzyme capacity shift in type I to II fibres a higher potential for anaerobic capacity compared with aerobic capacity and reduced function and numbers of mitochondria Importantly these changes correlate with exercise capacity and are independent of the severity of pulmonary haemodynamics suggesting a mechanism other than the atrophying affect of low cardiac output
2 Autonomic dysfunction
A higher resting heart rate HR reduced heart rate recovery HRR reduced HR variability HRV and evidence of altered baroreceptor sensitivity BRS support autonomic dysfunction in PAH These findings are independent of haemodynamic severity but correlate with peak oxygen uptake VO2
3 Respiratory muscle strength
Inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength are reduced in IPAH independently of haemodynamic severity leading to a reduced ventilatory capacity Specific respiratory muscle training has been shown to be an important component in exercise training programmes
4 Direct myocardial effect
In animal models exercise training reduces RV hypertrophy and pulmonary artery remodelling suggesting a direct effect on the pulmonary vasculature and myocardium Exercise training in patients with stable PH on treatment improved cardiac index and reduced mPAP In rats with stable monocrotaline induced PAH exercise trained rats had increased capillary density in cardiomyocytes and improved exercise endurance compared with sedentary matched controls
5 Micro-RNAs miRs
Systemic angiogenic defects contribute to skeletal muscle microcirculation rarefaction and exercise intolerance independently of haemodynamic severity Reduction in the expression of pro-angiogenic miR-126 in the skeletal muscle of humans with PAH correlates with capillary density and peak VO2 and is significantly reduced compared with healthy controls In a PAH rat model miR126 down regulation reduces capillary density and this correlates with exercise capacity In health change in expression of miRs such as miR-20a correlate with changes in VO2 following exercise training
6 Cytokines
Inflammatory cytokines may contribute to proteolysis and damage contractile proteins involved in skeletal muscle function Cytokines such as interleukin IL-6 IL-8 IP-10 and monokine induced interferon-γ MIG are elevated in the serum of IPAH patients In chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension CTEPH IP-10 negatively correlates with cardiac index and 6mwd In left ventricular failure cytokines such as TNF-alpha reduce with exercise training and correlate with improved exercise capacity
Currently no PAH specific exercise rehabilitation programme exists in the UK A survey of patient willingness to participate in a program mirroring the successful protocol used in Germany was conducted at the Scottish National Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension 224 patients with PAH who matched the inclusion criteria of Grunig et al were contacted 43 97224 responded to the survey 619 6097 were interested in all components of the rehabilitation program A further 113 1197 were interested in outpatient rehabilitation only It is highly likely that such a program would be of benefit to the PAH population given the demand for it
Aims
1 Demonstrate that exercise training can enhance exercise capacity and QOL when undertaken in addition to optimal therapy in PAH in a UK setting
2 Determine the mechanisms of exercise limitation and the factors that improve with training assessing
i Cardiac function ii Peripheral muscle structure and function iii Autonomic function iv Respiratory muscle strength v Inflammatory cytokines and miRNA
Original hypothesis
1 Supervised exercise training in patients with stable PAH improves exercise capacity quality of life and right ventricular ejection fraction This change occurs through improved RV function enhanced skeletal and respiratory muscle strength and function and is associated with improvements in autonomic response
2 Exercise training affects the control mechanisms for skeletal muscle structure and function Improvements are due to changes in the inflammatory cytokine profile and in expression of miRs associated with angiogenesis myogenesis and inflammation
Study Oversight
Has Oversight DMC:
None
Is a FDA Regulated Drug?:
None
Is a FDA Regulated Device?:
None
Is an Unapproved Device?:
None
Is a PPSD?:
None
Is a US Export?:
None
Is an FDA AA801 Violation?:
None