Ignite Creation Date:
2024-05-06 @ 4:01 AM
Last Modification Date:
2024-10-26 @ 11:42 AM
Study NCT ID:
NCT02434432
Status:
COMPLETED
Last Update Posted:
2015-05-05
First Post:
2015-04-20
Brief Title:
Music Therapy for Pain Management in the NICU Setting
Sponsor:
American University of Beirut Medical Center
Organization:
American University of Beirut Medical Center
Study Overview
Official Title:
Music Therapy as a Method of Non-Pharmacological Pain Management in the NICU Setting
Status:
COMPLETED
Status Verified Date:
2015-04
Last Known Status:
None
Delayed Posting:
No
If Stopped, Why?:
Not Stopped
Has Expanded Access:
False
If Expanded Access, NCT#:
N/A
Has Expanded Access, NCT# Status:
N/A
Acronym:
MTP
Brief Summary:
Background Music therapy has been recommended as an adjuvant therapy for both preterm infants and mothers throughout their stay in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit NICU and has been shown to have some beneficial effects although conclusive evidence remains lacking
Objectives To study the usefulness of two forms of music as well as no music on pain and physiological and behavioral parameters of preterm infants during a heel stick procedure for obtaining blood in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit NICU
Hypotheses Infants hearing music chosen by their mothers will have less pain and optimal behavioral and physiologic responses as compared to infants who hear the lullaby or no music
Methods An analytical observational study with a randomized cross-over design will be utilized
Inclusion will be stable infants born between 28 to 36 weeks of gestation with normal hearing Neonatal Physiologic responses heart rate HR oxygen saturation 02 sat and respiratory rateRR and Behavioral States will be recorded before and after the heel stick procedure Maternal age education and pregnancy complications will be also be documented Pain responses will be recorded using the Neonatal Pain Agitation and Sedation Scale NPASS
Ethical considerations The study imposes minimal risk on infants One potential risk is that the infant may become agitated while listening to music especially if it is time for feeding Based on previous research infants tend to calm down while listening to music However in the infants who may be hungry or fussy music exacerbate their agitation To prevent this from occurring the investigators will not perform the heel stick close to feeding time and the investigators will be vigilantly timing and monitoring the infants agitation Because music has been shown to calm infants and stop them from crying the benefits outweigh this risk
The heel stick is performed routinely on infants often 3-6 times a day The investigators will not perform any additional heel sticks for this study but will rather intervene during one of the scheduled heel stick procedures
Objectives To study the usefulness of two forms of music as well as no music on pain and physiological and behavioral parameters of preterm infants during a heel stick procedure for obtaining blood in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit NICU
Hypotheses Infants hearing music chosen by their mothers will have less pain and optimal behavioral and physiologic responses as compared to infants who hear the lullaby or no music
Methods An analytical observational study with a randomized cross-over design will be utilized
Inclusion will be stable infants born between 28 to 36 weeks of gestation with normal hearing Neonatal Physiologic responses heart rate HR oxygen saturation 02 sat and respiratory rateRR and Behavioral States will be recorded before and after the heel stick procedure Maternal age education and pregnancy complications will be also be documented Pain responses will be recorded using the Neonatal Pain Agitation and Sedation Scale NPASS
Ethical considerations The study imposes minimal risk on infants One potential risk is that the infant may become agitated while listening to music especially if it is time for feeding Based on previous research infants tend to calm down while listening to music However in the infants who may be hungry or fussy music exacerbate their agitation To prevent this from occurring the investigators will not perform the heel stick close to feeding time and the investigators will be vigilantly timing and monitoring the infants agitation Because music has been shown to calm infants and stop them from crying the benefits outweigh this risk
The heel stick is performed routinely on infants often 3-6 times a day The investigators will not perform any additional heel sticks for this study but will rather intervene during one of the scheduled heel stick procedures
Detailed Description:
Background and Significance of Study In the United States about half a million infants are born prematurely every year approximately 123 of all births CDC 2011 These infants require extensive care and are hospitalized for long periods of time in the Neonatal intensive care unit NICU They are exposed to a multitude of stressful and painful events which are linked to negative developmental outcomes Badr et al 2010 Orcesi et al 2012 To reduce stress in the NICU and allow for optimal neurobehavioral function a range of therapies have been studied Music therapy is one intervention that has been suggested as a tool for alleviating stress in the NICU Keith Russell Weaver 2009 Music therapy has long been documented to reduce stress fatigue and pain and to enhancing relaxation A meta-analysis of 30 clinical trials using MT for infants in the NICU Standley 2012 concluded that MT had significant benefits on heart rate behavior states oxygen saturation suckingfeeding ability and length of stay However the efficacy of music on pain physiologic and behavioral responses of preterm infants has not been fully supported While a recent meta-analysis focusing on preterm infants noted that music therapy has significant benefits especially if it was live music and used early in the infants NICU stay other studies have not supported the beneficial effects of music Alipour et al 2013
The American Music Therapy Association AMTA defines music therapy as the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to address physical psychological emotional cognitive and social needs of individuals in order to promote an overall well-being to relieve stress and alleviate pain Physiologically music acts by redirecting ones attention away from pain inducers by distraction inducing rhythmic breathing and allowing for the systematic and rhythmic release of body tension It can also trigger the autonomic nervous system to allow relaxation in muscle tone brain wave frequency galvanic skin response and pupillary reflexes Kaminski 1996
The preterm infant and music The benefits of classical music therapy on preterm infants in the NICU have been documented in a few studies Outcomes measured include improved physiological and behavioral responses Physiological conditions assessed include higher oxygen saturation levels decreased heart rate decreased incidences of episodes of apneas and bradycardias and lower energy expenditures Amini et al 2013 Chou Wang Chen Pai 2003 Keidar Mandel Mimouni Lubetzky 2010 Enhanced behavioral responses include increased calm quiet and alert behavioral states decreased crying and fussy states and improved feeding behaviors Keith Russell Weaver 2009 Lowey et al 2013 Increased formula intake increased weight gain and less days of hospitalization have also been reported Cevasco Grant 2005 Standley et al 2010
In terms of the effect of music on pain responses which is the main objective of this study only four studies have been published to date One study assessed the physiological behavioral and pain responses of preterm infants during recovery from heel lance in 14 preterm infants at 29 to 36 weeks post-conceptual age PCA who listened to Brahms lullaby Results showed a more rapid return to baseline heart rate enhanced behavioral states and less pain in infants who listened to music Butt Kisilevsky 2000 Bo Callaghan 2000 compared four different types of interventions non-nutrative sucking NNS music therapy MT and combined NNS and MT NNS MT and no intervention on 27 infants Results showed that all three interventions had a significant effect on HR oxygen saturation and pain with NNS MT having the strongest effect Whipple 2008 randomly assigned 60 infants between the ages of 32 to 37 weeks to one of three treatment groups pacifier-activated lullaby PAL pacifier-only and no-contact Pacifier-only infants did not receive music reinforcement for sucking and no-contact infants were not provided a pacifier or music at any point during the procedure There were no significant differences in physiologic measures between groups however infants in the PAL group had lower stress levels during-the heelstick procedure than the no-contact group or the pacifier only group To test if enhancing kangaroo mother care KMC by adding rocking singing and sucking is more efficacious than simple KMC for procedural pain in preterm neonates 90 preterm infants the GA of 32-36 weeks were randomly assigned to 2 conditions KMC with the addition of rocking singing and sucking or the infant was held in KMC without additional stimulation The results showed no significant differences in conditions Johnston et al 2009 To summarize the 4 studies provide inconclusive evidence to benefits of music therapy on pain responses in preterm infants and more research is warranted Furthermore a systematic review of randomized controlled trials by Hartling et al 2009 concluded that the studies on the efficacy of music on the pain responses of preterm infants were of low quality methodologically and more studies are necessary
The GAP in Research Studies investigating the impact of exposure to any form of auditory stimulation in infants have been complicated by a large range of decibel levels and mode of delivery A likely explanation for this is that many studies were conducted before or close to the time the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health was making recommendations for what is now considered safe sound levels within the NICU hourly Leq of 50 dB hourly L10 of 55 dB and 1-second duration Lmax 70 dB Furthermore studies have used different modes of music or auditory stimuli with lack of standardization No one study has looked at the efficacy of music chosen by mothers and which she had listed to while pregnant which is likely to be the most soothing for infants
Methods Design An analytical observational study with a randomized cross-over design will be utilized
Setting The NICU at the American University of Beirut Medical Center AUBMC
Subjects To achieve a power of 08 at α 005 and one-tailed with a medium effect size of 061 and a medium correlation r 050 among two repeated measures using the F-test a sample size of 40 infant will suffice This sample size is based on previous studies which show a significant difference on the pain scores and using the following formula
N Zα Zβ2 x 2 σ 2 Mean difference 2
Instrumentsoutcome measures All outcome measures will be recorded by three nurses trained to a reliability above r 80 on the NPASS and the Behavioral States and who are blinded to the intervention type
Physiologic measures Heart rates oxygen saturation levels and respiratory rates will recorded every 1 minute 5 minutes before during and 5 minutes after the heel stick by observing the monitor Behavioral states The infants state will be given a numerical score as follows 1 deep sleep 2 light sleep 3 drowsy 4 quiet awake or alert 5 actively awake and aroused 6 highly aroused upset or crying and 7 prolonged respiratory pause 8 seconds Als et al 2005 Pain assessment The N-PASS or Neonatal Pain Agitation and Sedation Scale will be used to assess pain which is a valid clinically reliable age-appropriate method to continuously and systematically assess pain and stressful behavior states in infants with a gestational age of 23 weeks and above and from 0 to 100 days of life Hummel Puchalski Creech Weiss 2008 At AUBMCs NICU the N-PASS is being used routinely as a pain and agitation tool by all nurses to assess infants responses to pain
The intervention Music therapy which will include either a lullaby used in earlier research studies or the mothers choice of music which she has listened to while the infant was in utero Music will be delivered by a portable mp3 player through head phones
Procedure A within-subject crossover repeated design will be used with infants acting as their own controls Infants will receive either the mothers music for 5 minutes the classical lullabies for 5 minutes or no music before the heel stick procedure which is regularly scheduled for all infants in the NICU After the heel stick 5 minutes of music will be provided Noise levels will be assessed continuously 10 cm from the infants ear with a sound analyzer and a decibel scale filter 407790 Octave Band Sound Analyzer type 2 Integrating Sound Level Meter and Decibel-A Scale Filter respectively Extech Instruments Melrose MA USA Infants physiological and behavioral states will be assessed and recorded before and after the heel stick and pain assessment will be done after the heel stick
Statistical analysis Statistical analysis will be performed using the SPSS for Windows version 220 SPSS Inc Chicago IL Comparisons between interventions will be made using repeated measures analysis of variance RANOVA when appropriate for distribution normality and post hoc analysis with Bonferroni adjustment Categorical data were analyzed using the chi-square test
The American Music Therapy Association AMTA defines music therapy as the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to address physical psychological emotional cognitive and social needs of individuals in order to promote an overall well-being to relieve stress and alleviate pain Physiologically music acts by redirecting ones attention away from pain inducers by distraction inducing rhythmic breathing and allowing for the systematic and rhythmic release of body tension It can also trigger the autonomic nervous system to allow relaxation in muscle tone brain wave frequency galvanic skin response and pupillary reflexes Kaminski 1996
The preterm infant and music The benefits of classical music therapy on preterm infants in the NICU have been documented in a few studies Outcomes measured include improved physiological and behavioral responses Physiological conditions assessed include higher oxygen saturation levels decreased heart rate decreased incidences of episodes of apneas and bradycardias and lower energy expenditures Amini et al 2013 Chou Wang Chen Pai 2003 Keidar Mandel Mimouni Lubetzky 2010 Enhanced behavioral responses include increased calm quiet and alert behavioral states decreased crying and fussy states and improved feeding behaviors Keith Russell Weaver 2009 Lowey et al 2013 Increased formula intake increased weight gain and less days of hospitalization have also been reported Cevasco Grant 2005 Standley et al 2010
In terms of the effect of music on pain responses which is the main objective of this study only four studies have been published to date One study assessed the physiological behavioral and pain responses of preterm infants during recovery from heel lance in 14 preterm infants at 29 to 36 weeks post-conceptual age PCA who listened to Brahms lullaby Results showed a more rapid return to baseline heart rate enhanced behavioral states and less pain in infants who listened to music Butt Kisilevsky 2000 Bo Callaghan 2000 compared four different types of interventions non-nutrative sucking NNS music therapy MT and combined NNS and MT NNS MT and no intervention on 27 infants Results showed that all three interventions had a significant effect on HR oxygen saturation and pain with NNS MT having the strongest effect Whipple 2008 randomly assigned 60 infants between the ages of 32 to 37 weeks to one of three treatment groups pacifier-activated lullaby PAL pacifier-only and no-contact Pacifier-only infants did not receive music reinforcement for sucking and no-contact infants were not provided a pacifier or music at any point during the procedure There were no significant differences in physiologic measures between groups however infants in the PAL group had lower stress levels during-the heelstick procedure than the no-contact group or the pacifier only group To test if enhancing kangaroo mother care KMC by adding rocking singing and sucking is more efficacious than simple KMC for procedural pain in preterm neonates 90 preterm infants the GA of 32-36 weeks were randomly assigned to 2 conditions KMC with the addition of rocking singing and sucking or the infant was held in KMC without additional stimulation The results showed no significant differences in conditions Johnston et al 2009 To summarize the 4 studies provide inconclusive evidence to benefits of music therapy on pain responses in preterm infants and more research is warranted Furthermore a systematic review of randomized controlled trials by Hartling et al 2009 concluded that the studies on the efficacy of music on the pain responses of preterm infants were of low quality methodologically and more studies are necessary
The GAP in Research Studies investigating the impact of exposure to any form of auditory stimulation in infants have been complicated by a large range of decibel levels and mode of delivery A likely explanation for this is that many studies were conducted before or close to the time the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health was making recommendations for what is now considered safe sound levels within the NICU hourly Leq of 50 dB hourly L10 of 55 dB and 1-second duration Lmax 70 dB Furthermore studies have used different modes of music or auditory stimuli with lack of standardization No one study has looked at the efficacy of music chosen by mothers and which she had listed to while pregnant which is likely to be the most soothing for infants
Methods Design An analytical observational study with a randomized cross-over design will be utilized
Setting The NICU at the American University of Beirut Medical Center AUBMC
Subjects To achieve a power of 08 at α 005 and one-tailed with a medium effect size of 061 and a medium correlation r 050 among two repeated measures using the F-test a sample size of 40 infant will suffice This sample size is based on previous studies which show a significant difference on the pain scores and using the following formula
N Zα Zβ2 x 2 σ 2 Mean difference 2
Instrumentsoutcome measures All outcome measures will be recorded by three nurses trained to a reliability above r 80 on the NPASS and the Behavioral States and who are blinded to the intervention type
Physiologic measures Heart rates oxygen saturation levels and respiratory rates will recorded every 1 minute 5 minutes before during and 5 minutes after the heel stick by observing the monitor Behavioral states The infants state will be given a numerical score as follows 1 deep sleep 2 light sleep 3 drowsy 4 quiet awake or alert 5 actively awake and aroused 6 highly aroused upset or crying and 7 prolonged respiratory pause 8 seconds Als et al 2005 Pain assessment The N-PASS or Neonatal Pain Agitation and Sedation Scale will be used to assess pain which is a valid clinically reliable age-appropriate method to continuously and systematically assess pain and stressful behavior states in infants with a gestational age of 23 weeks and above and from 0 to 100 days of life Hummel Puchalski Creech Weiss 2008 At AUBMCs NICU the N-PASS is being used routinely as a pain and agitation tool by all nurses to assess infants responses to pain
The intervention Music therapy which will include either a lullaby used in earlier research studies or the mothers choice of music which she has listened to while the infant was in utero Music will be delivered by a portable mp3 player through head phones
Procedure A within-subject crossover repeated design will be used with infants acting as their own controls Infants will receive either the mothers music for 5 minutes the classical lullabies for 5 minutes or no music before the heel stick procedure which is regularly scheduled for all infants in the NICU After the heel stick 5 minutes of music will be provided Noise levels will be assessed continuously 10 cm from the infants ear with a sound analyzer and a decibel scale filter 407790 Octave Band Sound Analyzer type 2 Integrating Sound Level Meter and Decibel-A Scale Filter respectively Extech Instruments Melrose MA USA Infants physiological and behavioral states will be assessed and recorded before and after the heel stick and pain assessment will be done after the heel stick
Statistical analysis Statistical analysis will be performed using the SPSS for Windows version 220 SPSS Inc Chicago IL Comparisons between interventions will be made using repeated measures analysis of variance RANOVA when appropriate for distribution normality and post hoc analysis with Bonferroni adjustment Categorical data were analyzed using the chi-square test
Study Oversight
Has Oversight DMC:
None
Is a FDA Regulated Drug?:
None
Is a FDA Regulated Device?:
None
Is an Unapproved Device?:
None
Is a PPSD?:
None
Is a US Export?:
None
Is an FDA AA801 Violation?:
None