Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:
* aged between 40-70 years,
* with BMI = 24-35 kg/m2,
* HbA1c 6.5-9 %, and
* regular use of oral hypoglycemic agents.
Exclusion Criteria:
* Use of insulin to control blood glucose
* Regular use of oral steroids
* Regular use of anti-inflammatory agents (prescribed \[Rx\] or over-the-counter \[OTC\])
* Gain or loss of larger than 5% of body weight in the last 6 months
* CVD: coronary artery disease, left ventricular hypertrophy evidenced by echocardiogram, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, dysautonomia
* Gastrointestinal: diseases, conditions, or medications influencing gastrointestinal absorption including active peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease, treatment with acid-lowering drugs
* Renal: chronic kidney disease due to any condition, renovascular disease, history of nephrolithiasis, diabetic nephropathy, serum creatinine \> 1.5 mg/dL
* Endocrine: disease, untreated thyroid disease, adrenal disease, pheochromocytoma, parathyroid disease, hyperuricemia
* Rheumatologic: gout, inflammatory arthritis
* Active treatment for cancer of any type (except basal cell carcinoma) 1 year
* Systolic blood pressure larger than 150 mmHg, and diastolic blood pressure larger than 95 mmHg.
* Any history of or known allergies to nuts of any kind
* Frequent nut consumption, defined as ≥ 3 oz/wk; however, subjects who are willing to refrain from eating all nuts and nut products for 6 wk prior to their initial visit (Visit 1) may be considered eligible
* Regular use of any dietary supplements containing vitamins, minerals, herbal or other plant-based preparations, fish oil supplements (including cod liver oil) or homeopathic remedies; however, subjects who are willing to refrain from the use of these supplements for 1 mo prior to their initial visit (Visit 1) and throughout the entire study may be considered eligible
* Usual daily ethanol intake of larger or equal to 2 drinks (24 oz beer, 8 oz wine, 2 oz hard liquor)
* Illicit drug use
* Specific laboratory blood or urine analysis parameters of: creatinine larger than 1.5 mg/dL, ALT and AST larger than 1.5 nmol/L, and urinalysis - hematuria and proteinuria