Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:
* participation in a disease management program (DMP); in Germany, DMPs have been implemented in outpatient care for asthma, breast neoplasms, coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus type 1, diabetes mellitus type 2, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, heart failure, chronic low back pain, depression, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis
* at least two of the following coexisting conditions: Hypertension, Lipid metabolism disorders, Chronic low back pain, Severe vision reduction, Joint arthrosis, Diabetes mellitus, Chronic ischemic heart disease, Thyroid dysfunction, Cardiac arrhythmias, Obesity, Hyperuricemia/Gout, Prostatic hyperplasia, Lower limb varicosis, Liver diseases, Depression, Asthma/Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Gynaecological problems, Atherosclerosis/Peripheral arterial occlusive disease, Osteoporosis, Renal insufficiency, Cerebral ischemia/Chronic stroke, Cardiac insufficiency, Severe hearing loss, Chronic cholecystitis/Gallstones, Somatoform disorders, Hemorrhoids, Intestinal diverticulosis, Rheumatoid arthritis/Chronic polyarthritis, Cardiac valve disorders, Neuropathies, Dizziness, Dementias, Urinary incontinence, Urinary tract calculi, Anemias, Anxiety, Psoriasis, Migraine/chronic headache, Parkinson's disease, Cancers, Allergies, Chronic gastritis/Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Sexual dysfunction, Insomnia, Tobacco abuse, Hypotension
Exclusion Criteria:
* no capacity to consent
* functional limitations precluding participation in the intervention (eg, loss of vision)
* functional limitations precluding participation in telephone interviews (eg, loss of hearing)
* limited German language skills precluding participation in telephone interviews
* participation in other trials during the observation time of the evaluation study